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Time Completed: 01:07:02

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98
82

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Anatomy

Thorax

Question 68 of 180

The anterior surface of the heart is formed predominantly by which of the following:

Answer:

The anterior (sternocostal) surface consists mostly of the right ventricle with some of the right atrium and some of the left ventricle.

Cardiac Orientation

The general shape and orientation of the heart are that of a pyramid that has fallen over and is resting on one of its sides.

  • The apex of this pyramid projects forwards, downwards and to the left. The apex is formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle and is positioned deep to the left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line.
  • The base is facing posteriorly. The base is formed mostly by the left atrium with a small portion of the right atrium and the proximal part of the great veins, and is fixed posteriorly to the pericardial wall, opposite the bodies of the T5 - T8 vertebrae (T6 - T9 when standing). The oesophagus lies immediately posterior to the base.

Table: Surfaces and Borders of the Heart

Border/Surface Main Structure (Contributing Structures)
Apex Left ventricle
Base Left atrium (right atrium, proximal great veins)
Anterior surface Right ventricle (right atrium, left ventricle)
Inferior surface Left and right ventricle
Left pulmonary surface Left ventricle (left atrium)
Right pulmonary surface Right atrium
Inferior border Right ventricle (left ventricle)
Left border Left ventricle (left auricle)
Right border Right atrium
Superior border Both atria, roots of great vessels

Surfaces

There are four surfaces to the upturned pyramid:

  • The anterior (sternocostal) surface consists mostly of the right ventricle with some of the right atrium and some of the left ventricle.
  • The inferior (diaphragmatic) surface consists of the left ventricle with a small portion of the right ventricle separated by the posterior interventricular groove.
  • The left pulmonary surface consists mainly of the left ventricle and a portion of the left atrium.
  • The right pulmonary surface consists of the right atrium.

Borders

There are four main borders separating the surfaces of the heart:

  • The inferior border is formed mostly by the right ventricle and a small portion of the left ventricle near the apex.
  • The left border is formed mostly by the left ventricle with a small portion of the left auricle.
  • The right border is formed by the right atrium.
  • The superior border is formed by both atria and the roots of the great vessels.

Modified by FRCEM Success. Original by Mikael Häggström (See above. All used images are in public domain.) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Orientation of the Heart. (Image modified by FRCEM Success. Original by Mikael Häggström [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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