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98
82

Questions

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Physiology

Basic Cellular

Question 27 of 180

Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for digestion of defective proteins:

Answer:

Lysosomes, containing digestive enzymes, are responsible for the digestion and breakdown of unwanted and defective proteins, the recycling of raw materials and the prevention of accumulation of waste.

About half of each cell is filled with cytosol, a viscous, protein-rich fluid between the internal structures which consist of organelles, which are themselves enclosed by lipid membranes, and components of the cytoskeleton which provide structural stability.

By CNX OpenStax [CC BY 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Cell Structure. (Image by CNX OpenStax [CC BY 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)

Nucleus

The nucleus contains most of the cell's genetic material organised as chromosomes. It also contains the nucleolus, a membrane-less structure which is responsible for the production of ribosomes.

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are responsible for the production of chemical energy in the form of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, which is then used by all energy-requiring reactions. Mitochondria are also involved in other cellular processes, including Ca2+ homeostasis and signalling. Mitochondria contain a small amount of maternal DNA.

Endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum serves as a store for intracellular Ca2+ and is the major site of lipid production (including triglyceride, steroid and phospholipid synthesis).

The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes bound to its outer surface, which are responsible for protein assembly and post-translational processing of proteins. This includes trimming amino acid chains to the right length, protein folding, addition of polysaccharide chains and identification of improperly folded proteins, which are tagged for subsequent destruction by lysosomes.

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus packages proteins for delivery to specific intracellular destinations or into vesicles which can then be secreted from the cell for extracellular action.

Lysosomes

Lysosomes, containing digestive enzymes, are responsible for the digestion and breakdown of unwanted and defective proteins, the recycling of raw materials and the prevention of accumulation of waste.

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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