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Date Completed: 15/05/2023
Page 1 of 18
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
You are asked to review a 62 year old woman who presents with a numb left arm. On examination you note she lacks sensation to the skin over
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease in:
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Factors affecting Lung Compliance
Regarding compliance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Pharmacological Management of DKA
Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), insulin should initially be given:
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Function of the Median Nerve
You are reviewing a 38 year old woman who presents to the Emergency Department following a supracondylar fracture. You are concerned she ma
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Innervation of the Supraspinatus Muscle
A 72 year old retired engineer presents to the Emergency Department complaining of pain and weakness in his left shoulder. On examination yo
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Function of the Posterior Leg Muscles
The muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg collectively act together to primarily produce which of the following movements:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway is primarily activated by which of the following:
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Clinical Features of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
A 58 year old woman with known autoimmune hypothyroidism presents to ED with flu-like symptoms and circulatory collapse. She reported weight
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Clinical Features of Typhoid Fever
A patient who has recently returned from travelling to South America, presents to ED with a fever and a 'rose spot' rash shown below. He has
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Innervation of the Anterior Leg Muscles
The muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg are all innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
The iliohypogastric nerve supplies skin over which of the following regions:
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Pathway of the Pupillary Light Reflex
A 49 year old man presents to ED complaining of visual disturbance in his right eye. On examination you note when you shine a light in his r
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Clinical Features of Bronchiolitis
A 9 month old baby is brought into the ED with a one day history of wheezing and dyspnoea. She is having difficulty feeding due to her breat
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Disadvantages of Case-Control Studies
Which of the following limitations is NOT a disadvantage of a case-control study used to identify past exposure to a risk factor in patients
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Pathway of the Gag Reflex
Which of the following nerves is the afferent pathway of the gag reflex:
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Layers of the Sole of the Foot
The tendons of the tibialis posterior and fibularis longus muscles lie within which of the muscular layers of the sole of the foot:
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Ciprofloxacin: Pharmacology
Regarding ciprofloxacin, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Articulations of the Sternoclavicular Joint
You are asked to review a 76 year old man who presents with pain and tenderness over the right sternoclavicular joint. You note the sternocl
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for digestion of defective proteins:
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Surface Anatomy of the Lung Root
The hila of the lungs are located at the level of which of the following costal cartilages:
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Ascending Tracts of the Spinal Cord
Transection of the anterolateral tract of the spinal cord results in which of the following clinical features:
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Dexamethasone: Indications
Dexamethasone would be most useful for which of the following conditions:
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Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs
The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) may be decreased in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Blood Supply of the Heart
Which of the following best describes the territory of supply of the posterior interventricular artery:
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JVP Waveforms during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following JVP waveforms corresponds with atrial systole:
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Ligaments of the Sternoclavicular Joint
A 16 year old hockey player presents to the ED after colliding with another player during training. She is tender over the right clavicle an
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Bursa of the Knee Joint
Which of the following knee bursae typically communicates with the synovial cavity of the knee joint:
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Blood Supply of the Heart
Which of the following best describes the territory of supply of the right marginal artery:
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Muscles divided during Thoracotomy
A 29 year old is brought into ED with a penetrating stab wound to the chest. During the primary survey the patient arrests. He has no pulse.
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Clinical Features of Primary Hyperthyroidism
Which of the following biochemical patterns is most typical of primary hyperthyroidism:
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Function of the Axillary Nerve
You have been asked to review a gentleman who has sustained a fracture to the surgical neck of the humerus. You are concerned about an axill
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Which of the following hormones' primary action is to enhance Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron:
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Function of the Quadratus Lumborum Muscle
The quadratus lumborum muscle contributes to which of the following movements:
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Pancreatic exocrine secretion is increased by which of the following:
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Definition of Dalton's Law
Which of the following states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of
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Clinical Effects of Rotator Cuff Injury
A patient presents to ED having injured his right shoulder playing basketball. You establish he has torn the most commonly injured rotator c
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Clinical Effects of Ulnar Nerve Injury
A 24 year old butcher has sustained a deep laceration to the distal crease of the wrist where he has cut through the ulnar nerve. Which of t
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Action Potential of the Ventricular Myocyte
In the ventricular myocyte action potential, depolarisation occurs through the opening of:
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Anatomical Relations of the Duodenum
A 65 year old man presents to ED complaining of abdominal pain and weight loss. Imaging shows a tumour anterior to the inferior vena cava. W
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
A 68 year old woman, with a known brain tumour, presents to ED. Her left eye is directed outwards and downwards, she is unable to open her e
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Function of the Hypoglossal Nerve
The hypoglossal nerve innervates all of the following muscles EXCEPT for the:
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Transport across a Cell Membrane
Which of the following is characterised by passive carrier-mediated transport down a chemical concentration gradient across a cell membrane:
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Cortical Areas of the Frontal Lobe
The primary motor cortex is located in which of the following regions:
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Flecainide: Mechanism of Action
A patient presents with symptomatic fast atrial fibrillation. Your consultant decides to use flecainide. What is the main mechanism of actio
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Calculation of Relative Risk Reduction
Regarding the interpretation of risk of an outcome event when comparing a treatment and control group, how is the relative risk reduction ca
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Definition of the Osmolal Gap
Regarding the osmolal gap, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Bronchiolitis
Regarding bronchiolitis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Typical vs Atypical Ribs
Which of the following atypical ribs articulates with both its corresponding vertebra and the vertebra above:
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Blood Supply of the Heart
The right atrium is primarily supplied by which of the following coronary vessels:
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Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
Secretion of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells is inhibited by all of the following hormones EXCEPT for:
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Surfaces of the Heart
The anterior surface of the heart is formed predominantly by which of the following:
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Complications of Mumps
Which of the following is NOT a typical complication associated with mumps:
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Heart Sounds during the Cardiac Cycle
What does the first heart sound correspond to on the ECG waveform:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature in diabetes insipidus:
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Ciprofloxacin: Drug Interactions
Regarding drug interactions with ciprofloxacin, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Measles
A 8 year old unvaccinated girl, originally from Hungary, is brought to ED by her parents who are concerned about a non-itchy rash. She has
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Anatomical Relations at the Thoracic Inlet
Regarding the thoracic inlet, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Characteristics of Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Regarding Staphylococcus epidermidis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Generation of an Action Potential
Regarding the refractory period, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Heparin: Side Effects
Regarding heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Non-Pharmacological Management of Dyspepsia/GORD
Which of the following lifestyle changes is not likely to improve symptoms of dyspepsia/gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD):
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Tetracyclines: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a side effect typically associated with tetracycline antibiotics:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the common pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Muscles of the Thenar Eminence
You have been asked to review a 32 year old pastry chef. She sustained a laceration to her left thenar eminence whilst working. Which of th
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Management of Clostridium Difficile Colitis
A patient is sent to ED by his GP with profuse watery diarrhoea. A stool sample taken by the GP has demonstrated C. difficile cytotoxin. Fir
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
You are reviewing a patient with known hypopituitarism. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland:
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Anatomy of the Anterior Forearm Veins
You have been asked to give a tutorial to a group of nurses regarding venous cannulation. As part of the session you cover the basic anatomy
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Contents of the Rectus Sheath
A patient presents with a superficial stab wound to the rectus sheath. Which of the following muscles is contained within the rectus sheath:
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Infectious Disease caused by Clostridium Perfringens
Clostridium perfringens primarily causes which of the following infectious diseases:
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Innervation of the Ovary
The ovarian visceral afferent fibres usual follow sympathetic efferents to spinal cord segments:
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Normal Partial Pressure of Nitrogen
If the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen in dry inhaled air:
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Management of Atrial Fibrillation
A 70 year old man is brought to ED by ambulance with sudden onset chest pain, palpitations and shortness of breath. His HR is 160 bpm and BP
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Which of the following biochemical patterns would be most typical of diabetes insipidus:
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Theophylline: Drug Interactions
Which of the following drugs decreases plasma-theophylline levels:
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Function of the Adductor Muscles
A 32 year old builder is brought to the ED after falling through a glass sky light onto the floor below. A primary survey has been performed
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
In tubuloglomerular feedback, where is increased tubular flow rate detected in the nephron:
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Anatomy of the Infraclavicular Lymph Nodes
A 32 year old man presents to the ED with a 4 day history of fever and malaise. He has recently moved to the UK from South Africa to study.
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Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone
Which of the following acts to inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release from the posterior pituitary:
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Clinical Effects of Femoral Nerve Injury
A 54 year old man presents to ED complaining of leg weakness. Your colleague has examined the patient and suspects femoral nerve palsy. Whic
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Anatomical Relations of the Prostate
Which of the following best describes the relationship of the bladder and prostate gland:
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Central vs Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Regarding chemical control of respiration, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Pathophysiology of Osteomalacia
Regarding osteomalacia, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
A 65 year old man presents to the ED complaining of loss of sensation over the lateral thigh. This area is primarily supplied by which of th
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Inotropic Effects on the Heart
Digoxin exhibits its positive inotropic effect by which of the following mechanisms:
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Pharmacological Management of Status Epilepticus
Regarding the management of status epilepticus, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Immune Response
Regarding Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Innervation of the Pectoralis Minor Muscle
An 18 year old man presents to the Emergency Department following a rugby match. He is complaining of pain over his left shoulder and is una
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Function of the Endothelium
Regarding endothelin-1, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Face
The skin over the tip of the nose is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Structure of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons run in which of the following cranial nerves:
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Organisation of Skeletal Muscle
The connective tissue surrounding the whole skeletal muscle is called:
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ACE Inhibitors: Side Effects
A patient who is taking ramipril for high blood pressure complains of a dry persistent cough. What is the mechanism of cough in ACE inhibito
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Conduction System of the Heart
A 42 year old man presents to ED complaining of feeling light-headed. At triage, his heart rate is found to be 40-60 bpm regular rhythm. ECG
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Innervation of the Gluteus Medius Muscles
You are performing a thorough neurological examination of a 67 year old female patient. You note marked wasting of the left hip and thigh mu
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Palpation of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery
You are demonstrating a vascular examination to group of medical students. The dorsalis pedis artery pulse is best palpated at which of t
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Dermatomal Supply of the Thoracic Wall
The T4 dermatome is best tested at which of the following landmarks:
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Antihistamines: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect of antihistamines:
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Recruitment of Motor Units
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
A 4 year old boy presents to his GP with a persistent sore throat and malaise. Examination reveals bruising and splenomegaly. A full blood c
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Calculation of Interquartile Range
What is the interquartile range of the following data set: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70
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Blood Supply of the Ovary
The ovaries are supplied by the ovarian arteries, branches of which of the following:
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Flow through a Tube
Which of the following does NOT affect the rate of flow of a liquid through a tube:
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Macrophages
Which of the following specialised macrophages is NOT paired correctly with its site in the body:
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Changes in Alveolar Pressure
Regarding pressures and airflow during the normal breathing cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Genital Herpes
A 25 year old patient presents to ED complaining of painful ulcerations on her vulva. She has felt a little flu-like over the past few days
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Anatomy of the Olfactory Nerve
Regarding the olfactory nerve, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Metoclopramide: Side Effects
Which of the following is a well recognised adverse effect of metoclopramide:
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Local Control of Blood Flow
Regarding autoregulation of local blood flow, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Peritoneum
Irritation of the central part of the diaphragmatic peritoneum is typically referred to:
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Lesions of the Visual Pathway
Which of the following is most likely to cause a bitemporal hemianopia:
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Characteristics of Neisseria Spp.
Regarding Neisseria species which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of Confidence Intervals for Sample Mean
Regarding confidence intervals for the sample mean, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Orbital Muscles
The lateral rectus muscle acts to produce which of the following eyeball movements:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Heparin: Reversal Agent
A patient who was started on low molecular weight heparin for suspected DVT, awaiting ultrasound after the weekend, presents to ED with mass
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Anatomical Course of the Phrenic Nerve
A 31 year old male presents to ED with a penetrating wound to the neck. Imaging shows damage to the structure which runs down the neck on th
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
You are reviewing a patient with hypocalcaemia secondary to hypoparathyroidism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increased calcium reabsorp
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Fusidic Acid: Indications
Fusidic acid is primarily indicated for infections caused by which of the following microorganisms:
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Function of the Loop of Henle
In which part of the loop of Henle is Na+ reabsorbed via the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter:
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Clinical Effects of Shoulder Joint Dislocation
A 28 year old man is brought to ED with a severely painful arm after being involved in a collapsed scrum during a rugby match. An x-ray of h
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Function of Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic factor is vital for gastrointestinal absorption of which of the following:
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Branches of the Mandibular Nerve
The inferior alveolar nerve supplies all of the following EXCEPT for the:
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Production of the Thyroid Hormones
Regarding the thyroid hormones, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Course of the Popliteal Artery
A 67 year old man presents to the ED complaining of swelling to the posterior knee. On examination you note a pulsatile mass in popliteal f
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Benzodiazepines: Contraindications
Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to the use of diazepam:
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Origin of the Axillary Nerve
A 23 year old man presents to the ED complaining of difficulty moving his left arm. On examination you note weakness of abduction of the sho
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Clinical Features of Psittacosis
A 24-year-old pigeon fancier presents with fever of 40°C, severe diffuse headache, malaise, dry hacking cough and muscle aches. Lung exam r
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Sodium Chloride 0.9% Solution: Composition
Normal saline (sodium chloride 0.9%) contains how much sodium:
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Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal Organs
A patient is brought to ED following a road traffic collision. CT demonstrates retroperitoneal haemorrhage. Which of the following structure
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