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Anatomy

Upper Limb

Question 127 of 239

You are examining the arm of a 23 year old electrician who has sustained a fracture of the humerus following a fall. On examination he finds flexion of the wrist painful. The flexor muscles of the anterior forearm all originate from which of the following structures:

Answer:

The flexor muscles of the anterior forearm all originate from the medial humeral epicondyle.

Anterior Forearm Muscles

Anatomy / Upper Limb / Anterior Forearm

Last Updated: 10th April 2019

The flexor muscles of the anterior forearm all originate from the medial humeral epicondyle.

Compartments

The anterior forearm is divided into:

  • The superficial compartment consisting of the:
    • flexor carpi ulnaris
    • flexor carpi radialis
    • palmaris longus
    • pronator teres
  • The intermediate compartment consisting of the:
    • flexor digitorum superficialis
  • The deep compartment consisting of the:
    • flexor digitorum profundus
    • flexor pollicis longus
    • pronator quadratus

By Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Anterior Forearm Muscles (Superficial). (Image by Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

By Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Anterior Forearm Muscles (Deep). (Image by Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

Innervation

All of the muscles in the anterior forearm are innervated by the median nerve, except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

Function

Table: Function and Innervation of the Anterior Forearm Muscles

Muscle Function Innervation
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexion and adduction of wrist Ulnar nerve
Flexor carpi radialis Flexion and abduction of wrist Median nerve
Palmaris longus Flexion of wrist Median nerve
Pronator teres Pronation of forearm Median nerve
Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexion of MCPJ and PIPJ of all four digits, flexion of wrist Median nerve
Flexor pollicis longus Flexion of MCPJ and IPJ of thumb Median nerve
Flexor digitorum profundus Flexion of MCPJ and DIPJ of all four digits, flexion of wrist Lateral half by median nerve, medial half by ulnar nerve
Pronator quadratus Pronation of forearm Median nerve

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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