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Anatomy

Lower Limb

Question 140 of 180

The calcaneus bone articulates with which of the following bones:

Answer:

The calcaneus articulates with the talus superiorly and the cuboid anteriorly.

Tarsal Bones

Anatomy / Lower Limb / Ankle and Foot Joints

Last Updated: 10th April 2019

There are three groups of bones in the foot: the seven tarsal bone, the five metatarsal bones and the fourteen phalanges.

The tarsal bones are organised into three rows:

  • Proximal group: Talus and Calcaneus
  • Intermediate: Navicular
  • Distal group: Cuboid and Cuneiforms

Tarsal Bones. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)

Articulations

Table: Articulations of the Tarsal Bones

Tarsal Bone Articulations
Talus Tibia and fibula superiorly, calcaneus inferiorly and navicular anteriorly
Calcaneus Talus superiorly and cuboid anteriorly
Navicular Talus posteriorly and cuboid and three cuneiforms anteriorly
Cuboid Calcaneus and navicular posteriorly, lateral cuneiform medially and bases of lateral two metatarsals anteriorly
Lateral cuneiform Navicular posteriorly, cuboid laterally and 3rd metatarsal anteriorly
Intermediate cuneiform Navicular posteriorly and 2nd metatarsal anteriorly
Medial cuneiform Navicular posteriorly and 1st metatarsal anteriorly

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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