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Date Completed: 21/11/2023
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Dexamethasone: Indications
Dexamethasone would be most useful for which of the following conditions:
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Infectious Disease caused by Clostridium Perfringens
Clostridium perfringens primarily causes which of the following infectious diseases:
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Contents of the Inguinal Canal
A 21 year old man presents to ED complaining of groin pain. Examination reveals an indirect inguinal hernia. Which of the following nerves i
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Natural Killers Cells
Natural killers cells are predominantly part of which component of the immune system:
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Types of Data
An FY2 in ED is collecting retrospective data for an audit on headache. He records the number of patients with headaches seen per day and fo
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Vancomycin: Side Effects
Which of the following adverse effects is least likely to be attributed to vancomycin:
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Lithium: Drug Interactions
Which of the following classes of drugs may predispose to lithium toxicity:
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Definition of Positive Predictive Value
Which of the following best describes the positive predictive value of a diagnostic test:
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Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh is formed from the anterior rami of:
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Clinical Effects of Shoulder Joint Dislocation
A 28 year old man is brought to ED with a severely painful arm after being involved in a collapsed scrum during a rugby match. An x-ray of h
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Pharmacological Management of Gout
A 34 year old overweight man, who has a history of gout, presents to ED with an acutely exquisitely tender big toe. His big toe is red, hot
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Types of Vaccines
Which of the following is NOT an example of a vaccine produced from polysaccharide extracts:
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ECG Deflections during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following represents ventricular depolarisation on the ECG:
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Attachments of the Anterior Scalene Muscle
The anterior scalene muscle originates from which of the following structures:
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Organisation of Skeletal Muscle
Regarding skeletal muscle, which of the following best describes a fascicle:
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Relative Fluid Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Which of the following fluid compartments contains the greatest volume of water:
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Dermatomal supply of the Upper Limb
A 32 year old motorcyclist has been brought in following a head on collision with a car. Following initial resuscitation, you are performin
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Pathway of the Gag Reflex
Which of the following nerves is the afferent pathway of the gag reflex:
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Dermatomal Supply of the Lower Limb
A 27 year old woman presents to the Emergency Department complaining of progressive weakness in her lower limbs following a recent episode o
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Blood Supply of the Heart
A 68 year old man presents to ED with sudden onset severe chest pain and is found to suffered a myocardial infarction in the area of the ape
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Abnormal Bleeding
Which of the following clinical features is more typical of a coagulation disorder than a platelet disorder:
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Structures passing through the Parotid Gland
Which of the following structures does NOT pass through the parotid gland:
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
You are reviewing a patient with hypocalcaemia secondary to hypoparathyroidism. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) acts to increased calcium reabsorp
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Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has the primary function of which of the following:
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Mechanism of the Gastric Mucosal Barrier
Regarding protection of the gastric mucosa, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Wound Healing
A patient presents to ED with a superficial wound to his right forearm. It is decided to let the wound heal by primary intention.Which type
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Management of Infective Endocarditis
A 27 year old man is sent in by his GP. He is complaining of a general malaise and fever over the last week and his GP has noted a new harsh
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Adult vs Foetal Oxygen Dissociation Curve
Regarding the foetal oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Breast
A 40 year old woman is found to have a suspicious breast lump just superior and lateral to the areolar region of her left breast. She underg
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
You are calculating the anion gap of an unconscious patient with a metabolic acidosis. Which of the following anions are required to calcula
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A 35 year old man attends ED having been thrown off his mountain bike and fallen onto his right arm. You note numerous abrasions and bruise
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Movements of the Knee Joint
A 43 year old man presents to the ED complaining of weakness at the right knee. On examination you note he is unable to extend the leg at th
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
What is the role of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
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Dynamic Compression of the Airways
Regarding dynamic compression of the airways, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 29 year old patient has sustained a laceration to his arm and damaged the nerve that lies medially in the antecubital fossa. What loss of
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Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
Neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane is triggered by:
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
Which of the following features is NOT typical of oculomotor (CN III) palsy:
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Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase water reabsorption in the kidneys:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
What pattern of acid-base disturbance is shown by the blood gas results (on normal air) below: pH = 7.37 PaO2 9 kPa PaCO2 = 7.5 k
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Causative Agent of Scarlet Fever
A 5 year old child is brought to ED with a widespread sandpaper-like rash and a sore tongue shown below. She has been off school over the l
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Anatomical Course of the Subclavian Artery
Regarding the subclavian artery, which of the following statement is INCORRECT:
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Partial Pressures of Oxygen During Respiration
Regarding the partial pressure of oxygen during respiration, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Croup
A 3 year old child is brought into ED with fever, a barking cough and difficulty breathing. On examination you note inspiratory stridor, tac
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Clinical Features of Conn's Syndrome
A patient is sent to ED by her GP with severe hypertension. She has recently been diagnosed with Conn's syndrome. Which of the following cli
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Function of the Distal Collecting System
Regarding the distal nephron, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A 34 year old woman sustains a midshaft humerus fracture with nerve damage falling off a horse. Which of the following movements would most
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Muscles of the Anterior Leg
Which of the following muscles is NOT found in the anterior compartment of the leg:
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Risk Factors for Legionnaires' Disease
A patient presents to ED unwell with a high fever, breathlessness and a cough. Chest x-ray demonstrates a left lower lobe pneumonia. His CUR
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Characteristics of Staphylococcus Aureus
An outbreak of Staphylococcal food poisoning has occurred at a local military unit. Which of the following statements regarding Staphylococc
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Regarding the exocrine pancreas, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Blood Supply of the Duodenum
The arterial supply of the duodenum is primarily derived from which of the following:
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Anal Canal
A 69 year old man presents to ED complaining of rectal bleeding. Examination reveals a tumour below the pectinate line. Which of the followi
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Functional Anatomy of the Nephron
The renal corpuscle, consisting of the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus is found where in the kidney:
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
The abdominal aorta bifurcates into its terminal branches at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Factors affecting Membrane Diffusion
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT. Fick's law tells us that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane increases as:
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Dermatomal Supply of the Thoracic Wall
The T6 dermatome is best tested at which of the following landmarks:
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Assessment of the Medial Thigh Muscles
A patient presents with lower limb weakness. After a thorough examination, you suspect an injury to the muscles of the medial compartment of
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Calculation of Mean
What is the mean of the following data set; 3, 7, 5, 13, 20, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29:
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis A Infection
Regarding hepatitis A, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Pectineus Muscle
Imaging of a patient who has been involved in a car accident has shown damage to the nerve supplying the pectineus muscle. Which of the foll
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Antipsychotics: Side Effects
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is characterised by all EXCEPT which one of the following:
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Warfarin: Drug Interactions
An 80 year old man requires treatment with an antibiotic. He takes warfarin for atrial fibrillation. What antibiotic is the safest choice fo
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Management of Tetanus-Prone Wounds
A 85 year old veteran presents to ED with a puncture wound on his leg sustained on a rusty nail whilst out walking his dog this morning. The
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Clinical Effects of Brachial Plexus Injury
You are reviewing a patient following a fall from a horse. You suspect they may have an Erb's palsy as a result of a brachial plexus injury.
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Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
The trigger to initiate the contractile process in skeletal muscle is:
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Clinical Effects of Parietal Lobe Lesion
A 65 year old lady presents to ED complaining of visual loss. Examination demonstrates visual loss in the lower left quadrant in both visual
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Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
A 21 year old professional athlete sustains an inversion injury to her left ankle during the 800m. Which of the following ligaments is most
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Distribution of Myotomes
A 74 year old man presents with a three month history of worsening left shoulder and arm pain. On examination there is weakness of shoulder
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Quinolones: Drug Interactions
There is an increased risk of convulsions when quinolones are given concomitantly with which of the following class of drugs:
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Movements of the Ankle Joint
Which of the following nerves is most important for dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle joint:
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Ligaments of the Hip Joint
A 76 year old woman present to the ED after feeling in a "pop" in her right hip. She recently underwent a right total hip replacement, you s
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Function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Blood Supply to the Kidneys
Regarding blood supply to the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Production of the Thyroid Hormones
Regarding the thyroid hormones, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Threadworm Infection
Regarding threadworms, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Movements of the Atlantoaxial Joint
A 28 year old male was brought into ED by the police following a drunken brawl. He has been punched on his mandible, resulting in subluxatio
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Innervation of the Tongue
A patient presents to ED complaining of an altered taste sensation. Taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is carried by
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A patient presents to ED complaining of weakness in her left arm. She tells you she sustained a fracture to this arm about 2 months ago, but
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Infectious Disease caused by Streptococcus Pyogenes
Streptococcus pyogenes is commonly implicated in all of the following infective diseases EXCEPT for:
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Clinical Effects of Parietal Lobe Lesion
Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of the parietal lobe:
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Causative Agents of Hospital Acquired Pneumonia
A 69 year old presents to ED with a fever, a cough productive of thick green sputum and shortness of breath, 48 hours after being discharged
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Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates which of the following:
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Structure of the Glomerulus
Mesangial cells surround the glomerular capillaries and act to perform all EXCEPT which of the following functions:
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Vasoconstriction vs Vasodilation
Which of the following is a vasodilating agent which plays a vital role in regulation of vascular tone:
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Which of the following hormones regulates Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule:
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Interpretation of Forest Plots
Regarding forest plots in meta-analysis, the midpoint of the diamond represents:
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Submental Lymph Nodes
A 65 year old female smoker, presents to ED with a 3 month history of an ulcerated lesion on the middle of her lower lip. Biopsy demonstrat
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Measures of Central Tendency
Regarding measures of central tendency, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Management of Oral Candidiasis
Which of the following is usually used first line for oral candidiasis:
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Blood Supply of the Heart
Which of the following best describes the territory of supply of the right marginal artery:
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Oxygen Transport in the Blood
Regarding oxygen transport, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
In tubuloglomerular feedback, where is increased tubular flow rate detected in the nephron:
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Structure of the Tracheobronchial Tree
A 5 year old girl is brought in to ED having inhaled a small plastic object. Where in the tracheobronchial tree is the object most likely to
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JVP Waveforms during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following JVP waveforms corresponds with atrial systole:
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Bones of the Medial Longitudinal Arch
Which of the following bones does not help to form the medial longitudinal arch:
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Attachments of the Teres Major Muscle
A 59 year old man presents to the ED complaining of pain and weakness in his left shoulder. You note medial rotation and extension of the sh
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Blood Supply of the Testis
The testicular artery is a branch from which of the following blood vessels:
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Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal Organs
A 23 year old patient is brought to ED following a road traffic accident. CT imaging demonstrates retroperitoneal injury. Which of the follo
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 21 year old presents to ED with an injury to his left arm after falling from a skateboard. Imaging shows a supracondylar fracture. Which n
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Vital capacity (VC) is calculated using which of the following:
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Function of the Serratus Anterior Muscle
A 49 year old man presents to the Emergency Department after an alleged assault by multiple assailants. During examination he displays signs
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Characteristics of the Cutaneous Circulation
Regarding the cutaneous circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Adenosine: Drug Interactions
The dose of adenosine must be quartered if given concomitantly in a patient taking which of the following drugs:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration:
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Thiopental: Pharmacology
Regarding thiopental sodium, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Articulations of the Tarsal Bones
The calcaneus bone articulates with which of the following bones:
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Clinical Features of Genital Herpes
A 21 year old female patient presents to ED complaining of a painful blistering rash on her genitals and swollen inguinal lymph nodes, follo
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Innervation of the Parotid Gland
Sensory innervation of the parotid gland is provided by which of the following nerves:
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Clinical Features of Hyperthyroidism
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of hyperthyroidism:
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
Which of the following is NOT an action of parathyroid hormone (PTH):
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Muscle Relaxants: Mechanism of Action
Which of the following is a depolarising muscle relaxant drug:
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Prednisolone: Indications
Prednisolone would be most useful for which of the following conditions:
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Structure of the Ductus Deferens
The ductus deferens originates from which of the following structures:
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Management of Malaria
A 28 year old woman, who is 10 weeks pregnant, is brought to ED with drowsiness and confusion. She has had a persistent fever since recently
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease in:
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Production and Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
Regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Surface Anatomy of the Heart
A 21 year old is brought to ED following a head-on collision with a tree in which he received severe blunt trauma to his sternum from the st
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Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pharmacology
Regarding proton pump inhibitors, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mechanism of Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch
Regarding V/Q mismatch, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mechanism of Postural Hypotension
What is the initial physiological effect resulting in postural hypotension:
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Innervation of the Urinary Bladder
The bladder receives its efferent parasympathetic fibres derived from spinal cord segments:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Renal potassium excretion is promoted by all but which one of the following:
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Bones of the Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Which of the following bones does NOT help to form the lateral longitudinal arch:
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Ligaments of the Knee Joint
The oblique popliteal ligament is an extension of which of the following muscles:
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Changes in Alveolar Pressure
Regarding pressures and airflow during the normal breathing cycle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Contents of the Femoral Canal
You are teaching hip and thigh anatomy to a group of medical students. The femoral canal contains which of the following structures:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the total lung capacity (TLC):
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Immune Response
Regarding Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Contents of the Anatomical Snuffbox
A 54 year old man presents to the ED after tripping on a kerb. He tells you he fell onto his outstretched right hand. He complains of pain
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Definition of Negative Correlation Coefficient
Regarding relationships between two variables, what does a negative correlation coefficient of -1 indicate:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a resting inspiration:
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Blood Supply of the Visual Pathway
The visual cortex is mainly supplied by which of the following blood vessels:
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
Oculomotor (CN III) palsy with sparing of the pupillary reflex is most likely caused by which of the following:
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Movements of the Hip Joint
You are examining the lower limb of a 54 year old man who presented after falling from a ladder at home. During your neurological assessment
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Function of the Membrane Proteins
Regarding cell signalling, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Pharmacological Management of Acute Asthma
A 19 year old student presents to ED with severe acute asthma. You prescribe a salbutamol and ipratropium bromide nebuliser. What is the mos
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