Pharmacology
Gastrointestinal
Regarding antacids, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Answer:
Antacids are contraindicated in hypophosphataemia. Liquid preparations are more effective than tablet preparations. Magnesium-containing antacids tend to be laxative whereas aluminium-containing antacids tend to be constipating. Antacids are best taken when symptoms occur or are expected, usually between meals and at bedtime. Antacids should preferably not be taken at the same time as other drugs since they may impair absorption.Antacids
Pharmacology / Gastrointestinal
Last Updated: 26th March 2019
Indications
Antacids are used for symptomatic relief in dyspepsia and in GORD.
Mechanism of Action
Antacids work by neutralising gastric acid and raising the luminal pH. However, the effect is only for a relatively short period, requiring frequent administration. Antacids do promote ulcer healing, but less well than antisecretory drugs.
Administration
Antacids are best taken when symptoms occur or are expected, usually between meals and at bedtime. Liquid preparations are more effective than tablet preparations.
Interactions
Antacids should preferably not be taken at the same time as other drugs since they may impair absorption. Antacids may damage enteric coatings designed to prevent dissolution in the stomach.
Side Effects
Aluminium- and magnesium-containing antacids (e.g. aluminium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate), being relatively insoluble in water, are long acting if retained in the stomach. Magnesium-containing antacids tend to be laxative whereas aluminium-containing antacids tend to be constipating; antacids containing both magnesium and aluminium may reduce these colonic side effects.
Contraindications
Antacids are contraindicated in hypophosphataemia.
Alginates
Alginates taken in combination with an antacid increases the viscosity of stomach contents and can protect the oesophageal mucosa from acid reflux. Some alginate-containing preparations e.g. Gaviscon form a viscous gel raft that floats on the surface of the stomach contents, thereby reducing symptoms of reflux.
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
