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Time Completed: 02:25:57

Final Score 83%

149
31

Questions

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Physiology

Gastrointestinal

Question 165 of 180

Regarding protein, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

Answer:

Protein is composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Nine amino acids are essential (required from the diet) for protein synthesis and nitrogen balance, the other necessary amino acids can be manufactured in the body. Proteins provide about the same amount of energy as carbohydrate but are not as easily utilised. Protein digestion starts in the stomach and continues in the small intestine.

Protein is composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Nine amino acids are essential (required from the diet) for protein synthesis and nitrogen balance, the other necessary amino acids can be manufactured in the body. Proteins provide about the same amount of energy as carbohydrate but are not as easily utilised. The protein requirement of a normal healthy adult is about 40 g/day. Protein is digested in the stomach and small intestine.

Protein Digestion

Digestion of dietary protein begins in the stomach where pepsin hydrolyses protein to polypeptides, and continues in the duodenum where pancreatic proteases (trypsin and chymotrypsin) continue the process of hydrolysis forming oligopeptides.

These are further broken down into small peptides and amino acids by pancreatic carboxypeptidases and aminopeptidases located on luminal membrane epithelial cells. Free amino acids are absorbed by secondary active transport coupled with Na+ transport. Amino acids cross the basal membrane into the capillaries by facilitated diffusion.

By Sonabi (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Protein Handling. (Image by Sonabi (Own work) [CC BY-SA 4.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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