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Date Completed: 11/05/2023
Page 1 of 18
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Auscultation Position of the Heart Valves
You are doing practice OSCEs with a group of medical students and you are focusing on the cardiovascular exam. The aortic valve is best ausc
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Calculation of Sensitivity
A new blood test is being developed to diagnose DVT. 1000 people presenting to ED with suspected DVT undergo the new blood test and the gol
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Beta-2 Agonists: Mechanism of Action
Selective beta-2 agonists predominantly have which of the following clinical effects:
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Metronidazole: Indications
Which of the following antibiotics is used first line to treat tetanus:
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Routine Immunisation Schedule
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine is given at which of the following intervals in the UK routine childhood immunisation schedule:
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Innervation of the Pharynx
The sensory innervation of the nasopharynx is provided by which of the following nerves:
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Antacid Drugs: Interactions
A patient presents to ED with heartburn for which they already take regular antacids. Which of the following drugs can be affected if taken
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Theophylline: Pharmacology
Plasma theophylline concentration is decreased by which one of the following:
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Function of the Radial Nerve
A patient sustains an injury to the radial nerve as a result of a glenohumeral joint dislocation. Which of the following muscles would you N
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Regarding the valves in the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Management of Typhoid Fever
A patient who has recently returned from travelling to South America, presents to ED with a fever, constipation and a 'rose spot' rash. Your
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Anatomy of the Anterior Forearm Veins
You have been asked to give a tutorial to a group of nurses regarding venous cannulation. As part of the session you cover the basic anatomy
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Investigation of Clostridium Difficile Colitis
A 74 year old lady is brought to ED from a nursing home complaining of profuse offensive-smelling diarrhoea ongoing for 48 hours. The patien
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Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Regarding iron deficiency anaemia, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Digital Attachments of the Posterior Forearm Muscles
Regarding the distal attachments of the posterior forearm muscle tendons, which of the following is paired CORRECTLY:
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Surface Anatomy of the Pulmonary Trunk
The pulmonary trunk arises from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle at which of the following locations:
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Mechanism of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling
In cardiac myocyte excitation-contraction coupling, Ca2+ is released from intracellular stores directly in response to:
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Mechanism of Fat Digestion
Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of which of the following:
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Opioids: Reversal Agent
Which of the following is an opioid receptor antagonist that can be used in opioid overdose:
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Mechanism of the Baroreceptor Reflex
When an elderly dehydrated patient is moved from a supine to a standing position, her blood pressure decreases and heart rate increases. Whi
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Cortical Areas of the Frontal Lobe
The primary motor cortex is located in which of the following regions:
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Pharmacological Management of Anaphylaxis
A 10 year old patient, with a known allergy to nuts, is brought into ED with wheezing and difficulty in breathing, after eating cake at a bi
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Origin of the Musculocutaneous Nerve
You are examining the left arm of a patient who presents after being stabbed in the axilla. You note loss of sensation over the lateral for
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Origin of the Maxillary Artery
The maxillary artery arises from which of the following blood vessels:
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Pharmacological Management of Hypoglycaemia
You are called to attend to a patient with a blood glucose of 3.5 mmol/L. He is conscious and alert. What is the most appropriate initial tr
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Structure of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the glomerular filtration barrier:
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Function of the Loop Of Henle
Regarding the loop of Henle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Ascending Tracts of the Spinal Cord
Transection of the anterolateral tract of the spinal cord results in which of the following clinical features:
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Isotonic vs Isometric Contraction
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Relations of the Flexor Retinaculum
A 54 year old woman presents to the ED complaining of pain and swelling over the site of her recent carpal tunnel decompression. Which of th
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Action Potential of the Sinoatrial Node
Regarding the sinoatrial node (SAN), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs
The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) may be decreased in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Innervation of the Tibialis Posterior Muscle
The tibialis posterior muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Clinical Features of Cushing's Syndrome
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Cushing's syndrome:
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Hydrostatic vs Oncotic Pressure
Regarding the microcirculation, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Management of Bradyarrhythmias
What is the maximum recommended dose of atropine that may be given in the treatment of bradyarrhythmias associated with adverse features or
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Definition of Type II Error
If the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted when it is actually false, this is an example of:
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Types of Data
An FY2 in ED is collecting retrospective data for an audit on headache. He records the number of patients with headaches seen per day and fo
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Water Absorption in the Small Intestine
Whilst on working an elective in Nigeria a patient presents to hospital with profuse watery diarrhoea. Your supervising consultant suspects
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Factors affecting Membrane Diffusion
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT. Fick's law tells us that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane increases as:
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Anatomical Relations at the Thoracic Inlet
A 47 year old presents to ED complaining of left hand pain. She has recently fractured her left clavicle which was treated conservatively. O
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Management of Tuberculosis
A patient on treatment for tuberculosis infection presents to ED. Regarding the management of TB, the initial phase of treatment using 4 dru
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Blood Supply of the Heart
In most people, the sinoatrial node is supplied by which of the following coronary vessels:
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Function of the Anterior Scalene Muscle
The anterior scalene muscle acts to produce which of the following movements:
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Penicillins: Pharmacology
Regarding penicillin antibiotics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Factors affecting Airway Resistance
Regarding airway resistance, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Transmission of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is transmitted primarily by which of the following routes:
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis B Infection
About what percentage of patients with hepatitis B develop chronic hepatitis:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume change of the lung between a maximum inspiration and a maximum expiration:
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Routine Immunisation Schedule
Diphtheria, tetanus and polio vaccination is given at which of the following intervals in the UK routine childhood immunisation schedule:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
How is filtered K+ mainly reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:
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Clinical Features of Campylobacter Gastroenteritis
Regarding Campylobacter gastroenteritis, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Dermatomal Supply of the Lower Limb
A 27 year old woman presents to the Emergency Department complaining of progressive weakness in her lower limbs following a recent episode o
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Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
A 20 year old factory worker sustains a crush injury to her vertebral column whilst at work. Imaging shows swelling of the spinal cord. Wh
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Clinical Features of Hyperthyroidism
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of hyperthyroidism:
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Measuring Spread using Standard Deviation
A range of two standard deviations above and below the mean includes what approximate percentage of the sample values:
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Nitrous Oxide: Pharmacology
Regarding nitrous oxide, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Haemolytic Anaemia
Which of the following is NOT mainly characterised by intravascular haemolysis:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
In the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Interpretation of Box and Whisker Plots
The interquartile range (IQ) is often displayed using which of the following:
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Clinical Features of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of diabetic ketoacidosis:
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Infectious Disease caused by Staphylococcus Aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is commonly implicated in all of the following infectious diseases EXCEPT for:
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis A Infection
Regarding hepatitis A, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Movements of the Temporomandibular Joint
Retraction of the mandible is produced by all of the following muscles, EXCEPT for:
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Branches of the Facial Nerve
A patient presenting with nerve injury has sparing of the upper half of the orbicularis oculi muscle but not the lower half. The lower half
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Attachments of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
You have been asked to give a tutorial regarding the muscles of the shoulder region to a group of medical students. One of the students asks
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Function of the Trapezius Muscle
You are examining the left shoulder of a woman who complains of progressive weakness in the left arm. On examination you detect a weakness i
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Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
You are alerted that a patient with known active tuberculosis has presented to ED. How is tuberculosis primarily transmitted:
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Characteristics of Neisseria Meningitidis
Regarding Neisseria meningitidis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Factors affecting Alveolar Diffusion
Regarding gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary membrane, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Cushing's Syndrome
A 70 year old woman with known rheumatoid arthritis complains of weight gain, muscle weakness and ankle swelling. She has resistant hyperten
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Propagation of an Action Potential
Regarding conduction of nerve impulses, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Deltoid Muscle
You have been called urgently to assess a patient. They have sustained a deep laceration to the right deltoid muscle after an alleged assau
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Structure of the Orbital Septum
A 56 year old diabetic man presents to ED with a fever and a painful swollen eye. You diagnose periorbital cellulitis. What anatomical struc
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Movements of the Thoracic Wall
Which of the following occurs primarily to produce passive expiration:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
You have been asked to give a tutorial on upper limb neurology to a group of final year medical students. As part of the session you discuss
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the webspace between the 1st and 2nd toe is supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Clinical Effects of Extensor Tendon Injury
A 26 year old woman presents to ED having sustained a deep laceration to the dorsum of her ring finger whilst cooking. Her proximal interpha
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Type-1 diabetes mellitus is caused by which of the following:
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Flecainide: Mechanism of Action
A patient presents with symptomatic fast atrial fibrillation. Your consultant decides to use flecainide. What is the main mechanism of actio
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Boundaries of the Anatomical Snuffbox
A 78 year old woman suffers a destructive injury to the anatomical snuff box region after falling on an outstretched hand. Which of the foll
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
A 55 year old woman presents to ED complaining of headaches. On examination the patient is found to have weakness of the left side of her bo
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Articulations of the Knee Joint
Which of the following bones are involved in articulations at the knee joint:
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Action Potential of the Sinoatrial Node
What is the resting membrane potential of the sinoatrial node:
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Mesenteries of the Peritoneal Cavity
The mesentery connects which of the following structures to the posterior abdominal wall:
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Function of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle
A 21 year old gang member presents to ED having been shot in the foot. Imaging shows severe damage to the base of the fifth metatarsal with
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Function of the Sartorius Muscle
A 24 year old athlete presents to ED complaining of pain in his hip with a limp. He reports that he was performing the 100m sprint when he
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Assessment of the Hamstring Muscles
A 21 year old man presents to the ED after sustaining multiple deep lacerations to the posterior thigh during a fight. You suspect an injury
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause the following blood gas result (on air): pH = 7.34 PaO2 = 9 kPa PaCO2 =
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Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates which of the following:
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Key Anatomical Landmarks in Tracheotomy
The anaesthetist is attempting to intubate an unconscious patient who is unable to maintain their airway. The anaesthetist finds himself in
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Functional Anatomy of the Liver
The portal triad comprises all of the following structures EXCEPT for:
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Function of the Fibularis Longus Muscle
The fibularis longus muscle acts to produce which of the following movements:
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Innervation of the Parotid Gland
A 23 year old Polish man presents to ED with fever, headache and painful swollen parotid glands. You suspect mumps. Which of the following n
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Anatomical Location of the Pituitary Gland
Regarding the position of the pituitary gland, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Causative Agent of Bronchiolitis
Which of the following pathogens is most commonly implicated in bronchiolitis:
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Mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
An action potential in the motor end plate rapidly spreads to the central portions of the muscle cells by means of the:
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Regarding the exocrine pancreas, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Relations of the Thyroid Gland
A 34 year old woman presents to ED complaining of a hoarse voice. She underwent a thyroidectomy 2 weeks ago. Which of the following nerves w
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
A 49 year old presents to ED complaining of muscle weakness and clumsiness in the right hand, with slow and effortful speech. In which of th
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Clinical Effects of Ulnar Nerve Injury
A 19 year old male attends ED having sustained a stab wound to his upper limb. On examination, the patient is unable to flex the distal inte
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Production of the Thyroid Hormones
Regarding the thyroid hormones, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature in diabetes insipidus:
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Definition of Dalton's Law
Which of the following states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of
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Mechanism of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Intracellular [Ca2+] rise in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling is mainly as a result of:
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Pathway of the Corneal Blink Reflex
A 64 year old lady complains of a sore right eye. On examination, you note a normal corneal blink reflex on her left side but no consensual
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Clinical Effects of Deep Fibular Nerve Injury
A patient receives a deep laceration to his left leg while trying to escape an angry farmer through a barbed-wire fence. He is unable to dor
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Clinical Features of Chickenpox
Regarding chickenpox, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
A 15 year old is brought in unwell with a headache, fever and a non-blanching rash. A lumbar puncture confirms a diagnosis of Meningococcal
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Central vs Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Regarding chemical control of respiration, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Water Absorption in the Large Intestine
Regarding water absorption in the large intestine, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Management of Tetanus-Prone Wounds
A 65 year old farmer presents to ED with a soiled puncture wound to his thenar eminence which he sustained whilst fixing his tractor the day
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Function of the Orbital Muscles
The superior rectus muscle acts to produce which of the following eyeball movements:
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Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
A 69 year old man with known small cell lung cancer is sent to ED by his GP after identifying severe hyponatraemia on a recent blood test. W
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Infectious Disease caused by Cryptococcus Neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily implicated in which of the following conditions:
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Anatomical Relations of the Duodenum
Which of the following best describes the relationship of the duodenum to the pancreas:
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Origin of the Axillary Nerve
A 24 year old man presents following a seizure. He has severe epilepsy and regularly dislocates his left shoulder. He has dislocated his sh
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
A 43 year old artist presents to the ED complaining of numbness in his fingertips. On examination you note loss of sensation to the palmar s
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Definition of Positive Predictive Value
Which of the following terms describes the proportion of individuals with a positive test result who actually have a disease:
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Renal Handling of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
Damage to Broca's area will most likely result in which of the following clinical features:
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Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infection
Regarding control of hospital acquired infection (HAI), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Pharmacological Management of Anaphylaxis
A 14 year old patient, with a history of asthma and atopy, is given penicillin in hospital. He immediately develops an itchy rash, angioedem
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Production of the Thyroid Hormones
Regarding the thyroid hormones, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Trochlear Nerve Lesion
A 55 year old woman presents to ED complaining of vertical diplopia with difficulty walking downstairs. She is tilting her head to one side
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for lipid synthesis:
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Innervation of the Anterior Scalene Muscle
The anterior scalene muscle is innervated by which of the following:
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Pharmacological Management of Anaphylaxis
A 31 year old patient with a known nut allergy was eating at a Thai restaurant when he suddenly complained of lip and tongue swelling and di
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Structure of the Ejaculatory Duct
The ejaculatory ducts open into which of the following structures:
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Submental Lymph Nodes
A 65 year old female smoker, presents to ED with a 3 month history of an ulcerated lesion on the middle of her lower lip. Biopsy demonstrat
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Management of Tachyarrhythmias
What is the initial dose of amiodarone recommended for treatment of a stable regular broad-complex tachycardia:
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Thiazide Diuretics: Mechanism of Action
A 48 year old male patient presents to ED complaining of chest pain. He is currently taking ramipril and bendroflumethiazide for hypertensio
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Clinical Effects of Tibial Nerve Injury
A 21 year old man sustains an injury to his left leg during a judo match. He is complaining of loss of sensation over the sole of his foot
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Anaemia Overview
A normochromic, normocytic anaemia is most commonly associated with which one of the following:
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Conducting System of the Heart
Conduction of impulses between the atria and the ventricles is channelled through:
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