Time Completed: 02:21:09
Final Score 80%
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Atlas and Axis
Anatomy / Head and Neck / Vertebral Column
Last Updated: 11th April 2019
Atlas
Vertebra C1 (the atlas) is distinguished by its lack of vertebral body, essentially being composed of two lateral masses interconnected by an anterior and posterior arch. Each lateral mass articulates above with an occipital condyle of the skull and below with the superior articular facet of vertebra C2 (the axis). The posterior surface of the anterior arch has an articular facet for the dens of the axis.
The atlanto-occipital joints allow the head to nod up and down on the vertebral column.
Axis
The axis is characterised by the large dens, which extends superiorly from its vertebral body to articulate with the anterior arch of the atlas, and by its bifid spinous process. The dens is held in position by the strong transverse ligament of atlas posterior to it and spanning the distance between the lateral masses of the atlas.
The atlanto-axial joints allow the head to rotate from side to side.
![By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons](https://primary-cdn.frcemsuccess.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/cervical-vertebrae-894x1024.jpg)
Structure of the Cervical Vertebrae. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons)
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
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