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Date Completed: 27/04/2022
Page 1 of 18
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Regarding the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is calculated using which of the following:
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding skeletal muscle, which of the following best describes the Z-line:
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta
The abdominal aorta bifurcates into the right and left common iliac arteries at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Management of Tachyarrhythmias
What is the first line alternative if adenosine is contraindicated in the management of a stable narrow-complex tachycardia:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Face
The skin in the area of the lateral angle of the eye is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles serves as a store for intracellular Ca2+:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
About what percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Innervation of the Palatoglossus Muscle
The palatoglossus muscle of the tongue is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Anatomical Course of the Axillary Nerve
A 79 year old lady tripped on a curb and landed on her outstretched hand. Imaging shows a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus. Whic
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Disadvantages of Cohort Studies
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a cohort study used to investigate the relationship between exposure to a risk factor and a
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Supply of the Femoral Artery
A 32 year old man presents to the ED after falling through a glass door. He has sustained a deep laceration to the thigh. Imaging shows a so
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Function of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Molecules with a molecular weight of less than which of the following are filtered freely at the glomerular filtration barrier:
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Function of Pulmonary Surfactant
A patient is brought to ED with worsening breathlessness. They are known to have a genetic surfactant dysfunction disorder. What is the func
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Clinical Effects of Hypoglossal Nerve Lesion
You are teaching a group of medical students about cranial nerve examination. A colleague asks a patient with interesting clinical signs if
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Prednisolone: Indications
Prednisolone would be most useful for which of the following conditions:
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Characteristics of Staphylococcus Aureus
Regarding Staphylococcus aureus, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Surfaces of the Heart
The inferior surface of the heart is formed predominantly by which of the following:
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Pharmacological Management of DKA
Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), insulin infusion may be stopped after which of the following:
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Innervation of the External Ear
Regarding the external ear, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Contents of the Carpal Tunnel
A 57 year old woman presents to the ED complaining of pain in her wrist associated with tingling in her hand. You suspect carpal tunnel synd
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the lower posterolateral leg is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Clinical Effects of Shoulder Joint Dislocation
A 28 year old man is brought to ED with a severely painful arm after being involved in a collapsed scrum during a rugby match. An x-ray of h
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Lobes of the Prostate
A 66 year old man presents to ED complaining of difficulty passing urine and nocturia. On examination you note the prostate is enlarged and
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Attachments of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
A 39 year old man is brought to ED having sustained a stab wound to the posterolateral trunk at the level of the T7 vertebra. Which of the f
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Transmission of Legionella Pneumophila
An outbreak of acute pneumonia occurs in military recruits living in one barrack and only in those persons located near the air conditioner.
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Investigation of Helicobacter Pylori Infection
A patient presents to ED recurrently with symptoms of dyspepsia. Your consultant asks you to find out if the patient has previously been tes
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Abnormal Bleeding
Regarding screening tests for clotting, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of Lung Receptors
Regarding pulmonary receptors, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of Positive Predictive Value
A new test is being developed to diagnose chlamydia. 1000 people aged 15 – 35 years attending a GUM clinic undergo the new test and the cu
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Clinical Effects of Femoral Nerve Injury
A 54 year old man presents to ED complaining of leg weakness. Your colleague has examined the patient and suspects femoral nerve palsy. Whic
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Homeostasis and Feedback Loops
Regarding homeostasis, which one of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Loop Diuretics: Mechanism of Action
A 42 year old women presents to ED complaining of swollen ankles. She has recently been started on furosemide by her GP. What is the mechani
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Movements of the Hip Joint
A 42 year old man presents to ED following a hip injury. On examination you note weak lateral rotation. Which of the following muscles is mo
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Characteristics of the Pulmonary Circulation
Regarding the pulmonary circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Cushing's Syndrome
A 70 year old woman with known rheumatoid arthritis complains of weight gain, muscle weakness and ankle swelling. She has resistant hyperten
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Layers of the Sole of the Foot
The long flexor tendons of the flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus muscles lie within which of the muscular layers of the sol
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Movements of the Thoracic Wall
You are measuring peak flow in a patient who presented with shortness of breath. Which of the following muscles is most important for forced
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Assessment of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
A 29 year old male presents to ED with a penetrating injury to the neck. You suspect injury to the right sternocleidomastoid muscle. How wou
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Anatomical Location of the Adrenal Gland
The adrenal gland is located in which of the following regions:
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Function of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle
The fibularis brevis muscle acts to produce which of the following movements:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
A 54 year old man presents to the ED complaining of a numbness over the posterior thigh. The skin in this area is primarily supplied by whic
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Attachments of the Subscapularis Muscle
A 74 year old man is brought into ED after falling down the stairs. He is complaining of pain in his left arm. X-ray shows fracture of the g
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Innervation of the Superior Tarsal Muscle
The superior tarsal muscle is innervated by which of the following:
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Anatomical Relations of the Kidney
The kidneys are related posteriorly to all of the following structures EXCEPT for the:
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Clinical Effects of Hypokalaemia
Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of hypokalaemia:
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Characteristics of the Pulmonary Circulation
Regarding hypoxic vasoconstriction in pulmonary circulation, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Quinolones: Mechanism of Action
A 75 year old man presents to the Emergency Department with a 3 day history of scrotal pain and swelling. You suspect epididymo-orchitis, li
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Management of Tonsillitis
A 14 year old boy is brought into ED complaining of a sore throat, fever, painful swallowing and tender lymph nodes. An image of his throat
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Benzodiazepines: Comparison of Drugs
Regarding benzodiazepines, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Popliteus Muscle
Contraction of the popliteus muscle in initiation of knee flexion produces which of the following actions:
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Innervation of the Colon
Visceral afferent fibres from the ascending colon and proximal transverse colon travel to which of the following spinal cord segments:
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Blood Supply to the Kidneys
Regarding blood supply to the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Structure of the Cell Membrane
Regarding the cell membrane, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Causative Agents of Impetigo
A 6 year old child is brought to ED by his parents with the rash seen below, he is otherwise well in himself. Which of the following organis
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Risk Factors for Meningococcal Disease
A patient presents to ED with a fever and a headache. You notice that in the patient’s notes it states they are particularly susceptible t
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Structure of the Gut Wall
Regarding basic gastrointestinal anatomy, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Heparin: Comparison of Drugs
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) over unfractionated heparin (UFH) therapy:
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Blood Supply of the Temporal Lobe
Which of the following best describes the blood supply to the temporal lobe:
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Bones of the Hip Joint
A 65 year old lady is brought to ED after falling off a ladder. The acetabulum is fractured at its posterosuperior margin by dislocation of
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Surface Anatomy of the Gallbladder
The gallbladder occupies which of the following regions of the abdomen:
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Propofol: Mechanism of Action
A 47 year old woman requires procedural sedation for DC cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. You plan to use propofol. Sedation is more lik
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Origin of the Femoral Artery
A 35 year old woman presents to the Emergency Department with a painful swelling in her left groin. She is an intravenous drug user who regu
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Functional Anatomy of the Nephron
Regarding the nephrons, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Phases of Gastric Secretion
Regarding the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Laminar vs Turbulent Blood Flow
Regarding flow through the cardiovascular system, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Characteristics of Clostridium Perfringens
Regarding Clostridium perfringens, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Rectum
Pain from the rectum is carried to which of the following spinal cord levels:
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Characteristics of the Coronary Circulation
Regarding the coronary circulation, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Ligaments of the Acromioclavicular Joint
You are asked to review a 34 year old rugby player who has presented with shoulder pain following a tackle. X-ray reveals an acromioclavicul
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Clinical Effects of Deep Fibular Nerve Injury
A 28 year old man presents to hospital having injured his leg playing football. X-ray demonstrates fractures of both the tibia and fibula. T
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Regulation of Catecholamines
The chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines, stimulated by which of the following:
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Inotropic Effects on the Heart
Digoxin exhibits its positive inotropic effect by which of the following mechanisms:
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Cerebral Vascular Territories
A 65 year old lady , with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, presents to ED with a 1 hour history of sudden onset of weakness
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Management of Tuberculosis
A patient on treatment for tuberculosis infection presents to ED. Regarding the management of TB, the initial phase of treatment using 4 dru
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding the sarcomere, which of the following best describes the A-band:
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Clinical Features of Malaria
A 21 year old student has recently returned from travelling around Kenya and presents to ED with a headache and persistent fever. Malaria is
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Site of Pericardial Aspiration
A 21 year old man is brought to ED having been involved in a road traffic accident. He is hypotensive with muffled heart sounds and distende
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 54 year old patient presents to ED complaining of weakness in her right hand. She has recently undergone an endoscopic nerve release for c
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Clinical Features of Conn's Syndrome
A patient is sent to ED by her GP with severe hypertension. She has recently been diagnosed with Conn's syndrome. Which of the following cli
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Function of the Piriformis Muscle
A 32 year old woman is brought to the ED after falling from a horse. Imaging shows multiple injuries to the pelvic region including transect
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Muscle Relaxants: Pharmacology
Regarding muscle relaxant drugs, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Location of Cerebral Aneurysm
A patient presents with a sudden onset severe headache. She has known polycystic kidney disease. You suspect subarachnoid haemorrhage second
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Pathophysiology of Cushing's Syndrome
A patient presents to ED with a headache and is found to be severely hypertensive. She is currently under investigation for suspected Cushin
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Functional Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Which of the following does NOT play a role in increasing the surface area of the absorptive surface in the small intestine:
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Clinical Effects of Abducens Nerve Lesion
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of an abducens nerve palsy:
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Calculation of Specificity
A new test is being developed to diagnose chlamydia. 1000 people aged 15 – 35 years attending a GUM clinic undergo the new test and the cu
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Pharmacological Management of Status Epilepticus
In the management of seizures lasting greater than 5 minutes, 4 mg of intravenous lorazepam should be given:
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Complications of Helicobacter Pylori Infection
Helicobacter pylori infection predisposes to which of the following complications:
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Surface Anatomy of the Kidney
The lowest portion of the inferior pole of the kidneys occurs around the level of:
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Function of Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic factor is vital for gastrointestinal absorption of which of the following:
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Innervation of the Anal Canal
A 65 year old lady presents to ED complaining of anal pain and bleeding. Examination reveals external haemorrhoids. Which of the following n
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 29 year old male presents to ED having falling awkwardly during a judo match. On examination he is unable to flex his index and middle fin
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
You are reviewing a patient with known hypopituitarism. Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland:
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Transport across a Cell Membrane
Regarding transport across a cell membrane, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Gracilis Muscle
A 54 year old woman is brought into the ED following a multiple vehicle collision on the nearby motorway. She is haemodynamically stable and
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Clinical Features of Meningococcal Disease
A 23 year old man presents to ED complaining of a headache with neck stiffness and photophobia. On examination you note a non-blanching purp
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Management of Bradyarrhythmias
Which of the following drugs is used first line for a bradyarrhythmia with adverse features:
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Clinical Features of Meningococcal Disease
Regarding meningococcal meningitis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Types of Vaccines
Which of the following is NOT an example of a vaccine produced from polysaccharide extracts:
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Routine Immunisation Schedule
Rotavirus vaccine is given at which of the following intervals in the UK routine childhood immunisation schedule:
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Benzodiazepines: Comparison of Drugs
Regarding benzodiazepines, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Subscapularis Muscle
You are asked to review a 54 year old man who presents with isolated weakness of the right shoulder. On examination you note the patient is
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Definition of Negative Predictive Value
Which of the following terms describes the proportion of individuals with a negative test result who actually do not have a disease:
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Pharmacological Management of Hypoglycaemia
What is the dose of intramuscular glucagon used in the management of hypoglycaemia in adults:
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Iron Deficiency Anaemia
Which of the following features would you NOT expect to see in an iron deficiency anaemia:
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Clinical Effects of Superficial Fibular Nerve Injury
Superficial fibular nerve palsy results in which of the following clinical features:
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Function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) primarily acts on which of the following target organs:
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ALS Treatment Algorithm
In adult advanced life support, what is the correct initial dose of amiodarone for a shockable rhythm:
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Management of Tachyarrhythmias
What is the recommended dosing regime for amiodarone in the treatment of a stable regular broad-complex tachycardia:
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Structure of the Ejaculatory Duct
The ejaculatory ducts open into which of the following structures:
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Dermatomal Supply of the Upper Limb
You have been asked to give a tutorial on C-spine injuries to a group of final year medical students. You decide to run through the anatomic
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Lung
A patient presents to ED with a fever, persistent cough and haemoptysis. On x-ray you note hilar lymphadenopathy. Which of the following lym
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in the Emergency Department who is complaining of feeling dizzy and breathless. Which of the following patterns best de
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasoconstriction of the glomerular capillaries:
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Approximately what percentage of filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Phenoxymethylpenicillin: Pharmacology
Regarding phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Large Intestine
Regarding the large intestine, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
You are performing the secondary survey of a 21 year old gymnast who fell from a parallel bar, landing on her neck. She tells you she canno
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Generation of an Action Potential
Regarding the refractory period, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Penicillins: Mechanism of Action
Which of the following penicillins is resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases:
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Von Willebrand Disease
Which of the following laboratory findings is NOT typical of von Willebrand disease (VWD):
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Microstructure of the Cardiac Myocyte
Which of the following structures prevents a direct electrical pathway from the atria to the ventricles:
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Typical vs Atypical Ribs
Which of the following atypical ribs articulates with both its corresponding vertebra and the vertebra above:
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Factors affecting Airway Resistance
Regarding airway resistance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Generation of an Action Potential
Regarding the neuronal action potential, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Lesions of the Visual Pathway
Which of the following is most likely to cause a homonymous hemianopia:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is characterised by which of the following:
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Site of Pleural Aspiration
A 21 year old patient presents to ED with a primary spontaneous pneumothorax. You are asked by your consultant to perform a pleural aspirati
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Mechanism of Synaptic Transmission
Regarding the synapse, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Properties of the Resting Membrane Potential
The membrane threshold potential for a neurone, at which point an action potential can occur, is usually about:
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Complications of Typhoid Fever
A patient presents with gastroenteritis which resolves after a few days. For which one of the following enteric illnesses is a chronic stat
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Clinical Effects of Vagus Nerve Lesion
A 29 year old man has sustained a significant head injury. On examination it is noted that his uvula is deviated to the right. Which of the
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Calculation of Negative Predictive Value
A new test is being developed to diagnose chlamydia. 1000 people aged 15 – 35 years attending a GUM clinic undergo the new test and the cu
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Function of Aldosterone
Aldosterone primarily acts at which of the following sites in the renal nephron:
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Interpretation of Skewed Distribution
Regarding the following data distribution, which of the following statements is CORRECT: [caption id="attachment_1107" align="alignnone"
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Blood Supply of the Heart
The right atrium is primarily supplied by which of the following coronary vessels:
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Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
The trigger to initiate the contractile process in skeletal muscle is:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the total lung capacity (TLC):
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Phases of Swallowing
A patient presents to ED complaining of difficulties with swallowing. Which of the following cranial nerves is most important for controllin
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
What pattern of acid-base disturbance is shown by the blood gas results (on normal air) below: pH = 7.37 PaO2 9 kPa PaCO2 = 7.5 k
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Clinical Effects of Tibial Nerve Injury
A 21 year old man sustains an injury to his left leg during a judo match. He is complaining of loss of sensation over the sole of his foot
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
A patient complains of diplopia and on examination is found to have eye deviation downwards and outwards. Which of the following nerves is m
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Atropine: Mechanism of Action
What is the mechanism of action of atropine in the management of bradyarrhythmias:
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Complement Cascade
Which of the following complement proteins are the main chemoattractants for recruiting inflammatory cells:
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Anatomical Course of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve exits the skull through the:
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