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Tarsal Bones
Anatomy / Lower Limb / Ankle and Foot Joints
Last Updated: 10th April 2019
There are three groups of bones in the foot: the seven tarsal bone, the five metatarsal bones and the fourteen phalanges.
The tarsal bones are organised into three rows:
- Proximal group: Talus and Calcaneus
- Intermediate: Navicular
- Distal group: Cuboid and Cuneiforms
Tarsal Bones. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)
Articulations
Table: Articulations of the Tarsal Bones
| Tarsal Bone | Articulations |
|---|---|
| Talus | Tibia and fibula superiorly, calcaneus inferiorly and navicular anteriorly |
| Calcaneus | Talus superiorly and cuboid anteriorly |
| Navicular | Talus posteriorly and cuboid and three cuneiforms anteriorly |
| Cuboid | Calcaneus and navicular posteriorly, lateral cuneiform medially and bases of lateral two metatarsals anteriorly |
| Lateral cuneiform | Navicular posteriorly, cuboid laterally and 3rd metatarsal anteriorly |
| Intermediate cuneiform | Navicular posteriorly and 2nd metatarsal anteriorly |
| Medial cuneiform | Navicular posteriorly and 1st metatarsal anteriorly |
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
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