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66
124

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Anatomy

Head and Neck

Question 146 of 190

Regarding the facial vein, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

Answer:

The facial vein drains into the internal jugular vein.

Facial Vein

Anatomy / Head and Neck / Face

Last Updated: 11th April 2019

The facial vein is the major vein draining the face. It originates near the medial corner of the eye from the union of the supratrochlear and supraorbital veins, receives tributaries draining the eyelids, the external nose, the lips, cheeks and chin throughout its course, and drains into the internal jugular vein.

Connections

As it crosses the face, the facial vein has numerous connections:

  • near the medial corner of the orbit, it communicates with ophthalmic veins
  • in the area of the cheek, it communicates with veins passing into the infraorbital foramen
  • it also communicates with veins passing into deeper regions of the face i.e. the deep facial vein connecting with the pterygoid plexus of veins

Cavernous Sinus

All these venous channels have interconnections with the intracranial cavernous sinus through emissary veins that connect intracranial with extracranial veins. There are no valves in the facial vein, or any other venous channels in the head, so blood can move in any direction. This means infections of the face, primarily above the mouth, should be treated with caution to prevent the dissemination of infectious material in an intracranial direction.

Although cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is rare, it most commonly has an infectious aetiology (most commonly from spread of infection from the sinuses or middle third of the face, or less commonly secondary to dental abscess or orbital cellulitis).

Veins of the Head and Neck. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons)

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l
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