Anatomy
Head and Neck
Question 133 of 190
The zygomatic arch is formed from which of the following bones:
Answer:
The zygomatic arch is formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.Temporal Fossa
Anatomy / Head and Neck / Scalp
Last Updated: 11th April 2019
The temporal fossa is the narrow fan-shaped space that covers the lateral surface of the skull, superior to the infratemporal fossa and above the zygomatic arch.
The zygomatic arch is formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone.
Table: Overview of the Temporal Fossa
| Space | Temporal Fossa |
|---|---|
| Superior margin | Superior and inferior temporal lines |
| Inferior margin | Zygomatic arch laterally and greater wing of sphenoid bone medially |
| Anterior margin | Frontal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of frontal bone |
| Contents | Temporalis muscle, deep temporal nerves, zygomaticotemporal nerve, deep temporal arteries, middle temporal artery |
Boundaries
- Its upper margin is defined by a pair of temporal lines that arch across the skull from the zygomatic process of the frontal bone to the supramastoid crest of the temporal bone.
- Laterally it is limited by the temporal fascia, which is a tough aponeurosis overlying the temporalis muscle and attached by its outer margin to the superior temporal line and by its inferior margin to the zygomatic arch.
- Anteriorly it is limited by the posterior surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the posterior surface of the zygomatic process of the frontal bone, which separate the temporal fossa from the orbit in front.
- Its inferior margin is marked by the zygomatic arch laterally and by the infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid medially.
It communicates with the infratemporal fossa below through the gap between the zygomatic arch and the more medial surface of the skull.
Temporal Fossa. (Image modified by FRCEM Success. Original image by Engusz at Hungarian Wikipedia [CC-BY-SA-3.0], via Wikimedia Commons)
Contents
Contents of the temporal fossa:
- Temporalis muscle
- Deep temporal nerves (branches of mandibular nerve) - innervate temporalis muscle
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve (branch of maxillary nerve) - supplies skin of temple
- Deep temporal arteries (branch of maxillary artery)
- Middle temporal artery (branch of superficial temporal artery)
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
