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Questions Answered: 190

Final Score 35%

66
124

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Anatomy

Head and Neck

Question 50 of 190

Regarding the bony orbit, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

Answer:

The orbital rim is formed medially by the frontal process of the maxilla.

Bony Orbit

Anatomy / Head and Neck / Orbit and Eye

Last Updated: 11th April 2019

The bony orbit is formed from seven bones; the maxilla, zygomatic, frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, and palatine bones.

By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons

Bones of the Orbit. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0], via Wikimedia Commons)

Together they give the bony orbit the shape of a pyramid, with its apex extending in a posteromedial direction to become the optic foramen and the wide base extending anteriorly onto the face as the orbital rim.

Orbital Rim

The orbital rim is formed

  • superiorly by the frontal bone
  • medially by the frontal process of the maxilla
  • inferiorly by the zygomatic process of the maxilla and the zygomatic bone
  • laterally by the zygomatic bone, the frontal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the frontal bone.

Foramina

The optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery enter the orbit through the optic canal.

The trochlear, oculomotor, abducens and ophthalmic nerves and the superior ophthalmic vein enter the orbit through the superior orbital fissure.

The inferior ophthalmic vein enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure.

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l
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