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Physiology

Respiratory

Question 53 of 180

Regarding central control of respiration, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

Answer:

Voluntary control of breathing is mediated by motor neurones from the cortex contained in the pyramidal tracts, which bypass the pneumotaxic and medullary respiratory centres. The remaining statements are correct.

Central Control of Respiration

Physiology / Respiratory / Control of Respiration

Last Updated: 11th April 2019

Control of breathing involves a central pattern generator that sets the basic rhythm and pattern of ventilation and controls the respiratory muscles. It is modulated by higher centres and feedback from central and peripheral chemoreceptors and peripheral mechanoreceptors.

Brainstem and Central Pattern Generator

The brainstem includes diffuse groups of respiratory neurones in the pons and medulla that act together as the central pattern generator.

The medulla contains dorsal and ventral respiratory groups that receive input from the chemoreceptors and lung receptors and drive the respiratory muscle motor neurones. The medullary respiratory groups also provide ascending input to, and receives descending input from the pneumotaxic centre in the pons.

The pneumotaxic centre receives input from the hypothalamus and higher centres, coordinates medullary homeostatic functions with factors such as emotion and temperature and affects the pattern of breathing.

Voluntary control of breathing is mediated by motor neurones from the cortex contained in the pyramidal tracts, which bypass the pneumotaxic and medullary respiratory centres.

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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