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Anatomy

Head and Neck

Question 42 of 180

Regarding the neck muscles, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

Answer:

The suprahyoid muscles act to elevate the hyoid bone, as occurs in swallowing, but also assist with depression of the mandible, as occurs in opening the mouth.

Suprahyoid and Infrahyoid Muscles

Anatomy / Head and Neck / Neck

Last Updated: 11th April 2019

Suprahyoid Muscles

Muscles superior to the hyoid are called suprahyoid muscles and include the stylohyoid, digastric, mylohyoid and geniohyoid muscles. The suprahyoid muscles pass in a superior direction from the hyoid bone to the skull or mandible and act to raise the hyoid bone, as occurs in swallowing.

By Mikael Häggström.When using this image in external works, it may be cited as follows:Häggström, Mikael. "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 20018762. (Image:Gray386.png) [Public domain or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Suprahyoid Muscles. (Image by Häggström, Mikael. “Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014”. Wikiversity Journal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 20018762. (Image:Gray386.png) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

Infrahyoid Muscles

Muscles inferior to the hyoid are the infrahyoid muscles and include the omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid and sternothyroid. The infrahyoid muscles attach the hyoid bone to inferior structures and act to depress the hyoid bone and the larynx. They also provide a stable point of attachment for the suprahyoid muscles.

By Mikael Häggström.When using this image in external works, it may be cited as follows:Häggström, Mikael. "Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 20018762. (Image:Gray386.png) [Public domain, Public domain or Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Infrahyoid Muscles. (Image by Häggström, Mikael. “Medical gallery of Mikael Häggström 2014”. Wikiversity Journal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI:10.15347/wjm/2014.008. ISSN 20018762. (Image:Gray386.png) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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