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Date Completed: 15/05/2023
Page 1 of 18
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Borders of the Heart
The superior border of the heart is formed predominantly by which of the following:
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Anatomical Course of the Common Fibular Nerve
A 21 year old horse rider sustains a kick to the left leg from one of her horses. She has a large bruise over the head of the fibula and you
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Function of Lung Receptors
Stimulation of J receptors located on alveolar and bronchial walls results in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Factors affecting Airway Resistance
Regarding airway resistance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mechanism of the Baroreceptor Reflex
The afferent component of the baroreceptor reflex is carried in which of the following:
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
A 35 year old man is brought to the emergency department having been found collapsed by his girlfriend. Calculate his anion gap using the bl
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
Regarding reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of Activated Vitamin D
What is the effect of activated vitamin D on the renal handling of calcium:
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Metronidazole: Pharmacology
Regarding metronidazole, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
You are reviewing a patient who has presented with breathlessness. She tells you she has recently undergone lung function tests. Which of th
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Carbamazepine: Interactions
A 21 year old woman presents to ED with pelvic pain and vaginal bleeding. Her pregnancy test is positive. She tells you she has been taking
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Dermatomal Supply of the Lower Limb
A 23 year old horse rider is brought to the ED following a fall during a show jumping competition. She complains of pain in her lumbar spine
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Pharmacological Management of Hypoglycaemia
You are called to attend to a patient with a blood glucose of 3.5 mmol/L. He is conscious and alert. What is the most appropriate initial tr
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Structure of the Corpus Callosum
The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by which of the following structures:
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Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
Regarding bile acids, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Surface Anatomy of the Pulmonary Trunk
The pulmonary trunk arises from the conus arteriosus of the right ventricle at which of the following locations:
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Incomplete Lesions of the Spinal Cord
A 71 year old man walks into ED following a fall. He is complaining of neck pain and weakness affecting his upper limbs more than his lower
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Movements of the Temporomandibular Joint
Protraction of the mandible is produced primarily by which of the following muscles:
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Innervation of the Triceps Brachii Muscle
You are asked by a consultant to perform a neurological examination of the upper limb on a gentleman presenting with left arm weakness. You
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Innervation of the Rectum
The parasympathetic supply to the rectum is from which of the following:
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Attachments of the Flexor Retinaculum
A 29 year old woman is brought to the ED after concerns were raised for her welfare by a neighbour. She has a deep laceration to the anterio
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Blood Supply of the Pancreas
The arterial supply to the pancreas is mainly derived from which of the following:
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Structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Regarding the sympathetic nervous system, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular (granular) cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature in diabetes insipidus:
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Ipratropium Bromide: Mechanism of Action
You are prescribing ipratropium bromide for a patient who has presented with an exacerbation of her COPD. What is the mechanism of action of
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Face
The skin over the posterior temple and scalp anterior to the ear is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Pathogenesis of Tetanus
Regarding Clostridium tetani, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Exclusion Period for Measles
A 5 year old presents to ED with a rash associated with Koplik's spots. Measles is diagnosed. What should the parents be advised about retur
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Origin of the Radial Nerve
A 45 year old woman presents to the ED on New Year's Day. She complains of loss of feeling over the dorsum of her hand and is unable to exte
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Microbial Mechanisms of Attachment
A patient presents with a gastrointestinal infection. Which of the following microbes attaches to gut mucosa via a specialised sucking disc:
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
Regarding anaerobic respiration, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
A patient complains of diplopia and on examination is found to have eye deviation downwards and outwards. Which of the following nerves is m
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Suprahyoid vs Infrahyoid Muscles
Regarding the neck muscles, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Structure of the Inguinal Ligament
The inguinal ligament spans between which of the following two structures:
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EMLA Cream: Mechanism of Action
EMLA cream is a topical local anaesthetic containing which of the following:
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ALS Treatment Algorithm
In adult advanced life support, the defibrillator pads should be placed at which of the following positions:
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Ligaments of the Elbow Joint
A 23 year old woman presents to the ED after falling and sustaining a dislocation of the right elbow. Regarding the ligaments of the elbow,
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Movements of the Thoracic Wall
You are measuring peak flow in a patient who presented with shortness of breath. Which of the following muscles is most important for forced
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Dermatomal Supply of the Lower Limb
You are examining a 38 year old woman who presents with lower back pain associated with bilateral sciatica. On examination you note loss of
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Control of Respiration
Regarding central control of respiration, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Characteristics of the Cutaneous Circulation
Regarding the cutaneous circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Routine Immunisation Schedule
Hepatitis B vaccine is given at which of the following intervals in the UK routine childhood immunisation schedule:
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Production and Function of Insulin
Regarding insulin, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Palpation of the Posterior Tibial Artery
You are performing a vascular examination on a patient with suspected claudication. The posterior tibial artery pulse is best palpated at w
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Management of Tuberculosis
A patient on treatment for tuberculosis infection presents to ED. Regarding the management of TB, which of the following statements is CORRE
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for the production of ATP:
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Movements of the Eyeballs
Elevation of the eyeball is primarily produced by which of the following muscles:
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Water Absorption in the Small Intestine
Regarding water and electrolyte absorption in the small intestine, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Regulation of Prolactin
Dopamine released from the hypothalamus acts to cause which of the following:
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Clinical Features of SIADH
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in a euvolaemic patient who has the following biochemical abnormalities; hyponatraemia,
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Cephalosporins: Pharmacology
Regarding cephalosporin antibiotics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Branches of the Facial Nerve
A 21 year old man is brought into ED having sustained trauma to the face with facial nerve injury. The frontalis muscle is spared but the or
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Branches of the Mandibular Nerve
The auriculotemporal nerve carries general sensation from all of the following regions EXCEPT for the:
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
A 69 year old patient is brought to ED with acute onset facial weakness on the right side, and difficulty with speech. He is able to respond
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Characteristics of the Cerebral Circulation
Regarding the cerebral circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A 19 year old student fell asleep after a night of drinking with his arm hanging over the back of a chair. He presents to ED complaining of
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Clinical Features of Clostridium Difficile Colitis
A 73 year old patient who has recently been discharged from a prolonged stay in hospital, including a stay on ITU where she was being treate
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Face
You are testing the sensation of the face in a patient who presented with facial droop. Which of the following nerves supplies the skin abov
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Contents of the Popliteal Fossa
A 24 year old man sustains a laceration of his left leg that transects the superficial vein that enters the popliteal fossa to terminate in
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Hydrostatic vs Oncotic Pressure
Regarding the microcirculation, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Temporal Lobe Lesion
Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of the temporal lobe:
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ECG Deflections during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following represents atrial depolarisation on the ECG:
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Anatomy of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Regarding the glossopharyngeal nerve, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Graves' Disease
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of Graves' disease:
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Causative Agent of Scarlet Fever
A 5 year old child is brought to ED with a widespread sandpaper-like rash and a sore tongue shown below. She has been off school over the l
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Normal Partial Pressure of Nitrogen
If the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen in dry inhaled air:
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Management of Gonorrhoea
A patient presents to ED with a 2 day history of burning pain when passing urine and a green urethral discharge. He tells you his partner ha
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Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
Secretion of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells is inhibited by all of the following hormones EXCEPT for:
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Function of the Endothelium
Nitric oxide release from endothelium is stimulated by all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Surface Anatomy of the Kidney
The highest point of the hila of the kidneys lies at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is primarily released in direct response to:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Lobes of the Liver
The liver is divided into the left and right lobes by which of the following structures:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
How is filtered K+ mainly reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:
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Glucagon: Indications
Glucagon may be used as an antidote for overdose with which of the following:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
You are seeing a child with known mitochondrial disease who has presented breathlessness and cough. Which of the following best describes th
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Calculation of Sensitivity
A new blood test is being developed to diagnose DVT. 1000 people presenting to ED with suspected DVT undergo the new blood test and the gol
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Routine Immunisation Schedule
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine is given at which of the following intervals in the UK routine childhood immunisation schedule:
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Tissue Regeneration and Repair
Regarding damage of muscle cells, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the lower posterolateral leg is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
A patient presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Biochemistry results demonstrate a raised plasma osmolality and a low urine osmolality. Wh
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Tissue Regeneration and Repair
Regarding damage of brain cells, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Quadratus Lumborum Muscle
The quadratus lumborum muscle contributes to which of the following movements:
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Digital Attachments of the Flexor Muscles
A 49 year old patient sustains a crush injury to his left hand. You are assessing muscle tendon function. Regarding the digital attachments
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Muscles of the Posterior Abdominal Wall
Which of the following muscles lies adjacent to the lateral border of the quadratus lumborum muscle:
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Function of Bile Acids
Bile acids are essential for the digestion and absorption of which of the following:
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Life Cycle of Plasmodium Spp.
Regarding the Plasmodium spp. life cycle, which of the following is injected by the mosquito's bite:
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Measurement of Renal Plasma Flow
The normal renal plasma flow in a healthy adult is about ________ :
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Origin of the Ulnar Nerve
You are part of the trauma team caring for a 43 year old motorcyclist who has fallen from his bike in bad weather. His primary survey is unr
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Function of the Common Fibular Nerve
The common fibular nerve directly innervates which of the following muscles:
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Innervation of the Pterygoid Muscles
The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles are innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Site of Emergency Cricothyroidotomy
A 18 year old man presents to ED with gross lip and tongue swelling and difficulty breathing. He has a known peanut allergy and had been ea
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Function of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle acts to produce which of the following movements:
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Structure of the Cell Membrane
Regarding the cell membrane, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Pathway of the Corneal Blink Reflex
Which of the following nerves is the efferent pathway of the corneal blink reflex:
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Production of Intrinsic Factor
Intrinsic factor is secreted by which of the following cell types in the stomach:
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Layers of the Neck Fascia
Regarding the neck fascia, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Hypothyroidism
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of hypothyroidism:
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Attachments of the Anterior Scalene Muscle
The anterior scalene muscle inserts onto which of the following structures:
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Clinical Features of Primary Hyperthyroidism
Which of the following biochemical patterns is most typical of primary hyperthyroidism:
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Innervation of the Masseter Muscle
The masseter muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Structure of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons run in which of the following cranial nerves:
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Attachments of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
An 85 year old man presents to the ED following a fall at home. On examination you note he is tender over the distal attachment of the latis
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Surface Anatomy of the Kidney
A 29 year old rugby player presents to ED complaining of left flank pain. Imaging shows a fracture of the angle of the twelfth rib on the le
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Calculation of Positive Likelihood Ratio
A new blood test is being developed to diagnose DVT. 1000 people presenting to ED with suspected DVT undergo the new blood test and the gol
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Ciprofloxacin: Pharmacology
Regarding ciprofloxacin, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Which of the following laboratory findings is NOT typical of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC):
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Infectious Disease caused by Rhinovirus
Rhinovirus is primarily implicated in which of the following infectious diseases:
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Pharmacological Management of Gout
Regarding the management of gout, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Statins: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with statin therapy:
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Sodium Valproate: Side Effects
Which of the following is a well recognised adverse effect of sodium valproate:
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Anatomical Relations of the Lung
The medial surface of the right lung lies adjacent to all of the following structures except for the:
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Location of the Gallbladder
The gallbladder is located on which of the following aspects of the liver:
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Nitrous Oxide: Pharmacology
Regarding nitrous oxide, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Movements of the Hand Joints
A 16 year old girl presents complaining of weakness of her left hand following an injury to her left arm. On examination she has weakness of
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Clinical Features of Gas Gangrene
Regarding gas gangrene, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Dynamic Compression of the Airways
Regarding dynamic compression of the airways, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Obturator Nerve Injury
You are giving a teaching session to a group of final year medical students regarding lower limb neurology. Which of the following clinical
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
What is the effect of a positive inotrope on the Starling curve:
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Pharmacological Management of DKA
Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), once the blood-glucose concentration falls below 14 mmol/L, glucose should be given
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Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal Organs
Which of the following structures is NOT retroperitoneal:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air breathed in by a maximum inspiration at the end of a resting expiration:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles contains most of the cell's genetic material:
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Clinical Features of Rotavirus Infection
A 3 year old girl is brought to ED with a 2 day history of diarrhoea and vomiting. Several other children at nursery have been off with the
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Development of the Paranasal Sinuses
Which of the following paranasal sinuses are present at birth:
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Management of Urinary Tract Infection
A 65 year old man presents to ED complaining of fever and rigors. He explains that he has pain in his perineal area, dysuria and pain on def
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Pharmacological Management of Status Epilepticus
Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus:
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Causative Agent of Pertussis
A 10 year old child is brought into ED with recurrent, violent coughing fits that are followed by vomiting. He has been off school with a co
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Mechanism of Carbohydrate Digestion
Regarding carbohydrate digestion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Attachments of the Serratus Anterior Muscle
You have been asked by a consultant colleague to prepare a teaching session for a group of medical students. He would like you to focus on t
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Flumazenil: Indications
Flumazenil is a reversal agent for which of the following groups of drugs:
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Calculation of Positive Predictive Value
The results from the study investigating the accuracy of a new diagnostic test can be displayed in the following format. How is the positi
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis A Infection
Regarding hepatitis A, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Location of the Substantia Nigra
The substantia nigra is located in which of the following regions of the brain:
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Characteristics of the Pulmonary Circulation
Regarding the pulmonary circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Factors affecting Functional Residual Capacity
The functional residual capacity (FRC) will be decreased in which of the following:
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Functional Anatomy of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following statements regarding the pituitary gland is CORRECT:
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following hormones originates in the anterior pituitary:
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