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Anatomy

Lower Limb

Question 17 of 180

A 25 year old female presents with a swollen right ankle after twisting her ankle whilst wearing high heels on a night out. There is pain and swelling over the lateral aspect of the ankle but x-ray does not show any fractures. Which of the following ligaments has most likely been injured:

Answer:

Inversion injuries at the ankle in plantarflexion (such as when wearing high heels) are common, and typically result in damage to the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle, made up of the anterior talofibular, the calcaneofibular and the posterior talofibular ligaments. The anterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments are most commonly injured, and the posterior talofibular ligament rarely. The spring ligament supports the head of the talus, the deltoid ligament supports the medial aspect of the ankle joint, and the long and short plantar ligaments are involved in maintaining the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot.

Table: Anatomical Overview of the Ankle Joint

Joint Ankle
Type Synovial hinge joint
Articulations Talus with the inferior tibia and talus with the medial malleolus of the tibia and the lateral malleolus of the fibula
Stabilising factors Shape of talus bone and articulations with malleoli; Medial and lateral collateral ligaments
Movements Flexion and extension

Joint articulations

The ankle joint is a hinge type synovial joint formed between the distal ends of the tibia and fibula, and the superior part of the talus.

The tibia and fibula are bound together by strong tibiofibular ligaments forming a deep bracket-shaped socket, which the talus bone then fits into. The talus bone articulates with the tibia in two places; the inferior surface of the tibia forms the roof of the socket and its medial malleolus articulates with the medial surface of the talus bone. The lateral malleolus of the fibula articulates with the lateral surface of the talus bone. The articulation of the talus with the inferior tibia forms the weightbearing surface and the articulations of the talus with the malleoli act to stabilise the joint.

The articular surface of the talus is much wider anteriorly than it is posteriorly, therefore the bone fits more tightly in the socket when the foot is dorsiflexed (and the wider surface of the talus moves into the ankle joint), making the joint more stable in dorsiflexion. Conversely the ankle joint is weakest during plantarflexion (when the narrower part of the talus is in the joint) and it is in this position that the majority of ankle injuries occur - usually as a result of the sudden inversion of the foot.

Ligaments

The ankle joint is supported on each side by the medial (deltoid) and lateral collateral ligaments.

The large strong deltoid ligament is triangular in shape, attached proximally to the medial malleolus at its apex and its broad base attached distally to a line that extends from the tuberosity of the navicular bone anteriorly to the medial tubercle of the talus posteriorly. The medial ligament is subdivided into four parts: the tibionavicular part, the tibiocalcaneal part, the posterior tibiotalar part and the anterior tibiotalar part. It acts to prevent overeversion of the foot and helps maintain the medial longitudinal arch.

The weaker lateral ligament is actually composed of three separate ligaments all originating from the lateral malleolus; the anterior talofibular ligament (attaching to the anterior talus), the posterior talofibular ligament (attaching to the posterior talus) and the calcaneofibular ligament (attaching to the calcaneus). It resists inversion of the foot and is frequently injured in ankle sprain inversion injuries. The most commonly affected ligament is the anterior talofibular ligament followed by the calcaneofibular ligament and then the posterior talofibular ligament.

By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Ankle Joint. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)

Joint movements

The ankle joint allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot.

Table: Movements of the Ankle Joint

Movement Main Muscles Involved Main Nerves Involved
Dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus, Extensor digitorum longus, Fibularis tertius Deep fibular nerve
Plantarflexion Gastrocnemius, Plantaris, Soleus, Flexor hallucis longus, Tibialis posterior, Fibularis longus Tibial nerve, Superficial fibular nerve

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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