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Date Completed: 14/05/2023
Page 1 of 18
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Levator Ani Muscle
A 65 year old lady complains of faecal incontinence. Dysfunction of which of the following structures is most likely a contributing factor t
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Origin of the Basilar Artery
The basilar artery is formed from which of the following blood vessels:
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Attachments of the Flexor Retinaculum
A 29 year old woman is brought to the ED after concerns were raised for her welfare by a neighbour. She has a deep laceration to the anterio
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Inotropic Effects on the Heart
Which of the following has a negative inotropic effect on the heart:
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Clinical Features of Bronchiolitis
Regarding bronchiolitis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the medial leg is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Articulations of the Elbow Joint
A 65 year old man presents to the ED complaining of right elbow pain. He describes a 3 day history of increasing swelling and pain at the ri
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Causes of Hospital Acquired Infection
Which of the following is the most frequent source of healthcare associated bacteraemia:
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Cortical Areas of the Parietal Lobe
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in which of the following regions:
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Vancomycin: Indications
Vancomycin is most likely indicated for which of the following infections:
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Relative Fluid Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Which of the following fluid compartments contains the greatest volume of water:
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Function of the Common Fibular Nerve
The common fibular nerve directly supplies which of the following areas of skin:
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Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
A 25 year old female presents with a swollen right ankle after twisting her ankle whilst wearing high heels on a night out. There is pain an
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Clinical Effects of Abducens Nerve Lesion
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of an abducens nerve palsy:
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Statins: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with statin therapy:
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Clinical Features of Malaria
A 21 year old student has recently returned from travelling around Kenya and presents to ED with a headache and persistent fever. Malaria is
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Clinical Effects of UInar Nerve Injury
A 16 year old boy is brought to ED having fallen off his skateboard. He is complaining of pain and weakness in his right upper limb. Imaging
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Clinical Features of Gonorrhoea
A 21 year old male patient attends ED with a profuse thick green urethral discharge and dysuria. What is the most likely causative pathogen:
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Mechanism of the Baroreceptor Reflex
When a person changes from a supine to an upright position, which of the following compensatory mechanisms occurs:
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Chronic Inflammation
The site of chronic inflammation is dominated by all of the following cell types EXCEPT for:
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 32 year old man presents to ED with a deep laceration to the proximal part of the forearm. On further assessment, when the patient is aske
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
An increase in contractility is demonstrated on a Frank-Starling curve by which of the following:
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Bones of the Hip Joint
A 65 year old lady is brought to ED after falling off a ladder. The acetabulum is fractured at its posterosuperior margin by dislocation of
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Contents of the Spermatic Cord
The following structures are all found in the spermatic cord except for the:
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Parts of the Colon
Regarding the large intestine, which of the following parts is not described correctly:
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Calculation of Absolute Risk Reduction
A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is carried out to study the effects of a new anticoagulant, Anticlot, on stroke incidence in patients wi
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Anatomical vs Alveolar Dead Space
Regarding dead space, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Management of Tuberculosis
A patient on treatment for tuberculosis infection presents to ED. The patient was started on the standard treatment regimen for fully suscep
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Clinical Effects of Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury
A 54 year old man is admitted to the ED having been involved in a road traffic collision. He has sustained multiple fractures of the humerus
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Complications of Campylobacter Gastroenteritis
A patient presents to ED complaining of a 3 day history of progressive muscle weakness and paraesthesia which started in both feet and appea
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Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
The two principal contractile proteins in skeletal muscle are:
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Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Disease
A patient with known chronic liver disease and massive ascites presents to ED with worsening shortness of breath. Chest x-ray shows a pleura
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Regarding renal autoregulation, which of the following typically causes vasoconstriction:
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
Regarding the Krebs cycle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Co-amoxiclav: Pharmacology
Regarding co-amoxiclav, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Flow through a Tube
Which of the following does NOT affect the rate of flow of a liquid through a tube:
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Benzodiazepines: Toxicity
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of benzodiazepine toxicity:
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Clinical Effects of Deep Fibular Nerve Injury
Which of the following would you NOT expect from a deep fibular nerve palsy:
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Advantages of Cohort Studies
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of a cohort study used to investigate the relationship between exposure to a risk factor and a fu
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ALS Treatment Algorithm
You are reviewing a patient who presented with shortness of breath. The patient suddenly loses consciousness. You detect no breath sounds or
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Articulations of the Wrist Joint
A 56 year old illustrator presents to the ED with a 3 day history of right wrist pain. He is concerned as this is affecting his work. On exa
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Anatomy of the Rectus Abdominis Muscle
Regarding the rectus abdominis muscle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Relative Fluid Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Regarding fluid balance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Hypersensitivity Reactions
Type I hypersensitivity is usually mediated by which of the following types of antibody:
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Proton Pump Inhibitors: Indications
Proton pump inhibitors are indicated in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle
The levator palpebrae superioris muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Benzodiazepines: Comparison of Drugs
Which of the following benzodiazepines has the shortest duration of action:
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Function of the Teres Major Muscle
Your consultant asks you to examine the shoulder of a patient he suspects to have teres major weakness. The teres major muscle acts to produ
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
What is the effect of a positive inotrope on the Starling curve:
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Clinical Features of Malaria
A 35 year old Nigerian woman presents to ED with a high fever and rigors. She has recently returned from a trip to visit family in her home
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Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infection
Regarding control of hospital acquired infection (HAI), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomy of the Patella
You are performing a full neurological examination on a patient who presented with weakness of her left leg. The tendon of which of the foll
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Structure of the Orbital Septum
A 56 year old diabetic man presents to ED with a fever and a painful swollen eye. You diagnose periorbital cellulitis. What anatomical struc
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Function of the Large Intestine
Regarding the large intestine, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Oculomotor Nerve
The oculomotor nerve supplies all of the following structures EXCEPT for the:
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Inotropic Effects on the Heart
Digoxin exhibits its positive inotropic effect by which of the following mechanisms:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasoconstriction of the glomerular capillaries:
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Contents of the Anatomical Snuffbox
A 54 year old man presents to the ED after tripping on a kerb. He tells you he fell onto his outstretched right hand. He complains of pain
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Principles of Oxygen Therapy
Regarding oxygen therapy, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect renal handling of phosphate:
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Function of the Tibial Nerve
Which of the following best describes the cutaneous innervation of the tibial nerve and its branches:
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Management of Acute Otitis Media
A 3 year old child is brought into ED complaining of pain in his left ear ongoing now for about a week. He is irritable and feverish tugging
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Innervation of the Gluteus Maximus Muscle
You have been asked to give a teaching session to a group of medical students regarding the anatomy of the hip and gluteal region. As part o
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Calculation of Absolute Risk Reduction
A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is performed where 1000 men are treated with a lipid-lowering drug, Superstatin, and 1000 given a placeb
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Management of Tetanus-Prone Wounds
A nurse practitioner working in minors is concerned about a patient's wound and asks for your advice. All of the following are considered to
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Clinical Effects of Ulnar Nerve Injury
A 19 year old male attends ED having sustained a stab wound to his upper limb. On examination, the patient is unable to flex the distal inte
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ALS Treatment Algorithm
A patient suddenly collapses in the waiting room with no detectable pulse. The initial rhythm check shows a non-shockable rhythm and you pre
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Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
Secretion of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells is stimulated by all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Compartments of the Peritoneal Cavity
The greater sac of the peritoneal cavity is divided into two compartments by which of the following structures:
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Attachments of the Erector Spinae Muscles
A 28 year old climber falls from a steep rock wall and sustains significant injuries to his back. Imaging shows injuries that impinge on the
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Regarding the exocrine pancreas, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomy of the Abducens Nerve
Regarding the abducens nerve, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Horner's Syndrome
Regarding Horner's syndrome, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis all colonise the upper respiratory tract and can spread from the
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Function of the Obturator Nerve
A 43 year old window cleaner is brought to the ED after falling from a 5 metre platform. Imaging has shown multiple vertebral fractures and
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Cortical Areas of the Occipital Lobe
The primary visual cortex is located in which of the following regions:
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Generation of an Action Potential
Which of the following creates the intial graded depolarisation moving the membrane potential of a neurone towards threshold potential:
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Function of the Membrane Proteins
Regarding cell signalling, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
You are seeing a child with known mitochondrial disease who has presented breathlessness and cough. Which of the following best describes th
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Macrolides: Pharmacology
Regarding macrolide antibiotics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Coracobrachialis Muscle
You are asked to review a 45 year old carpenter who presents with weakness and pain in his left arm. You decide to test the strength of his
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Function of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve carries all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Pharmacological Management of Gout
A 69 year old man presents to hospital with an acutely painful, red, hot swollen big toe. He has a past medical history of gout, diabetes me
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ACE Inhibitors: Mechanism of Action
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological effect of ACE inhibitor therapy:
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Articulations of the Acromioclavicular Joint
A 67 year old builder presents to the Emergency Department complaining of a 3 month history of a painful right shoulder. He has seen his GP
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Function of the Trigeminal Nerve
A 20 year old rugby player presents to ED with damage to the mastoid. On further examination you note the jaw reflex is lost. Which of the f
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Definition of Likelihood Ratio
Regarding likelihood ratios, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
You have been asked to review a patient in the Minor Injuries Unit. The 32 year old sustained a laceration to the forearm during a fight. He
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Renal Handling of Calcium
Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Origin of the Obturator Nerve
A 43 year old window cleaner is brought to the ED after falling from a 5 metre platform. Imaging has shown multiple vertebral fractures and
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Innervation of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
Your consultant asks you to examine the shoulder of a 35 year old man as he has some positive findings. The patient is unable to adduct, med
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Complications of Campylobacter Gastroenteritis
A patient presents to ED with a profuse bloody diarrhoea. Stool culture confirms infection with Campylobacter jejuni. Which of the following
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Infectious Disease caused by Bordetella Pertussis
Bordetella pertussis causes which of the following infectious diseases:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway is primarily activated by which of the following:
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Function of the Deep Fibular Nerve
Which one of the following muscles is NOT innervated by the deep fibular nerve:
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Antimotility Drugs: Pharmacology
Regarding antimotility drugs, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Interpretation of Forest Plots
Regarding forest plots in meta-analysis, the midpoint of the diamond represents:
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Blood Supply of the Liver
The right and left hepatic arteries are derived from which of the following blood vessels:
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Risk Factors for Clostridium Difficile Colitis
A 78 year old woman, recovering in hospital after a fractured neck of femur, develops profuse diarrhoea. She has been on broad spectrum anti
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Attachments of the Extensor Retinaculum
You have been asked to review a 45 year old gardener who has sustained a laceration to the dorsal surface of their wrist. You are concerned
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Anatomical vs Alveolar Dead Space
Regarding dead space, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal Organs
A 35 year old female is brought into hospital following a road traffic accident. Imaging shows retroperitoneal trauma. Which of the followin
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Risk Factors for Streptococcal Pneumonia
A 28 year old man, who underwent a splenectomy 1 year ago following trauma, presents to ED having collapsed. On examination he is febrile an
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Ligaments of the Pelvis
The sacrotuberous ligament spans between which of the following structures:
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Surface Anatomy of the Jejunum and Ileum
The ileum predominantly occupies which region of the abdomen:
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Jugulodigastric Lymph Node
A 18 year old presents to ED with painful swollen exudative tonsils. You diagnose acute bacterial tonsillitis. Which of the following lymph
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NSAIDs: Contraindications
NSAIDs are contraindicated in all of the following conditions EXCEPT for:
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Routine Immunisation Schedule
Regarding the routine childhood immunisation schedule, which of the following vaccines is given to preschool children (aged 3 years and 4 mo
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Functional Anatomy of the Stomach
Regarding the stomach, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Colon
Visceral afferent fibres from the ascending colon and proximal transverse colon travel to which of the following spinal cord segments:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
What pattern of acid-base disturbance is shown by the blood gas results (on normal air) below: pH = 7.37 PaO2 9 kPa PaCO2 = 7.5 k
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Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Disease
Which of the following would you NOT expect to see in an obstructive respiratory disease picture:
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Partial Pressures of Oxygen During Respiration
Regarding the partial pressure of oxygen during respiration, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Characteristics of the Skeletal Muscle Circulation
Regarding the skeletal muscle circulation, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Characteristics of Escherichia Coli
Regarding Escherichia coli, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs
The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) may be decreased in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Infection of the Flexor Tendon Sheath
A 20 year old woman presents to ED with a painful swollen digit. The infection appears to have spread to the common flexor sheath. Which of
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 21 year old presents to ED with an injury to his left arm after falling from a skateboard. Imaging shows a supracondylar fracture. Which n
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Surface Anatomy of the Kidney
The superior pole of the left kidney reaches as high as which of the following posteriorly:
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Pharmacological Management of Acute Asthma
Regarding the management of acute asthma in adults, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
Which of the following clinical features would you LEAST expect to see in a lesion of the frontal lobe:
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Transport across a Cell Membrane
Regarding transport across a cell membrane, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Types of Vaccines
Which of the following is NOT an example of a vaccine produced from polysaccharide extracts:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
Which of the following microbes causes red cell protein expression:
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Clinical Features of Hypoglycaemia
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of hypoglycaemia:
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Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
The flat anterior abdominal wall muscles are comprised of which of the following muscles:
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
A 50 year old man presents to ED with diplopia and a ptosis. On pulling his eyelid up, you note that his pupil is looking down and out, and
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Lithium: Drug Interactions
Which of the following classes of drugs may predispose to lithium toxicity:
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Local Anaesthetics: Comparison of Drugs
Which of the following local anaesthetics is typically used for a Bier's block:
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Clinical Features of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Which of the following clinical features is typical of Addison's disease:
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Function of Aldosterone
Aldosterone primarily acts at which of the following sites in the renal nephron:
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Phenoxymethylpenicillin: Pharmacology
Regarding phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Attachments of the Gluteus Medius Muscle
Which of the following muscles insert onto the greater trochanter.
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