The lumbar para-aortic lymph nodes receive lymph from all of the following structures EXCEPT the:
Lymph Nodes | Structures |
---|---|
Coeliac | Abdominal oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, spleen, duodenum proximal to major duodenal papilla |
Superior mesenteric | Distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal two-thirds of transverse colon |
Inferior mesenteric | Distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, proximal rectum |
Lumbar (para-aortic) | Body wall, kidneys, adrenal glands, testes/ovaries, efferents of common iliac lymph nodes |
Lymphatic drainage of the abdominal part of the gastrointestinal tract, as low as the inferior part of the rectum, as well as the spleen, pancreas, gallbladder and liver is through vessels and nodes that eventually end in large collections of pre-aortic lymph nodes located at the origins of the three anterior branches of the abdominal aorta.
Lumbar nodes (para-aortic nodes) are positioned on either side of the abdominal aorta and receive lymphatics from:
The para-aortic lymph nodes form the right and left lumbar trunks, and the pre-aortic lymph nodes form the intestinal trunk. These trunks come together to form the cisterna chyli, posterior to the right side of the abdominal aorta and anterior to the bodies of vertebrae L1 and L2, which marks the beginning of the thoracic duct.
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Biochemistry | Normal Value |
---|---|
Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
Amylase | < 70 U/l |
Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
Haematology | Normal Value |
---|---|
Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
Reticulocytes | < 2% |
Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
Blood Gases | Normal Value |
---|---|
pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |