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Time Completed: 01:34:25

Final Score 87%

156
24

Questions

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Microbiology

Principles

Question 168 of 180

Which of the following is NOT typically present in the skin flora:

Answer:

Species commonly found in the flora of the skin include: Staphylococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Corynebacterium spp., Propionibacterium spp. and yeasts. Bifidobacterium spp. are typically found in the gut flora.

Normal Bacterial Flora

Microbiology / Principles / Natural and Innate Immunity

Last Updated: 16th March 2019

The normal flora provides protection against infection by competing with pathogens for colonisation sites and resources and by producing antibacterial substances (bacteriocins) that suppress other bacteria. The natural flora varies depending on the location in the body.

Body Site Normal Flora
Nasopharynx Streptococci, Staphylococci, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Corynebacteria, Moraxella, Mixed anaerobes, Candida, Actinomyces
Skin Staphylococci, Streptococci, Corynebacteria, Propionibacteria, Yeasts
Bowel Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococci, Candida, Bacteroides, Bifidobacteria, Clostridium, Peptostreptococci, Lactobacilli
Vagina Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Streptococci, Corynebacteria, Candida, Actinomyces, Mycoplasma hominis

Antibiotics suppress normal flora which allows for colonisation and infection by opportunistic pathogens such as Candida albicans or Clostridium difficile.

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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