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Date Completed: 14/05/2023
Page 1 of 18
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Action Potential of the Ventricular Myocyte
In ventricular myocytes, the plateau phase of the action potential comes about through which of the following:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Attachment
An elderly patient presents to ED with fever, cough, coryza, and systemic features of malaise and myalgia. Your consultant suspects influenz
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Origin of the Superficial Temporal Artery
The superficial temporal artery is a branch of which of the following blood vessels:
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Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
A 21 year old women, with known diabetes mellitus, is brought to ED with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). An insulin infusion would be expected
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Nitrous Oxide: Side Effects
Nitrous oxide is associated with which of the following adverse effects:
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ACE Inhibitors: Side Effects
A patient who is taking ramipril for high blood pressure complains of a dry persistent cough. What is the mechanism of cough in ACE inhibito
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Pathway of the Gag Reflex
Which of the following nerves is the efferent pathway of the gag reflex:
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Management of Tachyarrhythmias
A 49 year old man is brought to ED complaining of palpitations and dyspnoea. ECG demonstrates Torsade de Pointes. Which of the following sho
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Management of Urinary Tract Infection
A 65 year old man presents to ED complaining of fever and rigors. He explains that he has pain in his perineal area, dysuria and pain on def
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Structure of the Common Bile Duct
The common bile duct is formed from which of the following structures:
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Function of the Anterior Thigh Muscles
A 23 year old woman is brought to the Emergency Department after falling from a ride at an amusement park. Imaging has shown trauma to the s
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Ovary
A 39 year old patient complains of abdominal pain. Imaging shows tumours in both ovaries. Which of the following lymph nodes are the first
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air breathed in by a maximum inspiration at the end of a resting expiration:
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Management of Tachyarrhythmias
A tachyarrhythmia is defined as broad-complex if the QRS duration is:
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Mechanism of Protein Digestion
Regarding protein digestion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Factors affecting Functional Residual Capacity
The functional residual capacity (FRC) will be increased in which of the following:
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Clinical Features of Chickenpox
Regarding chickenpox, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Supraspinatus Muscle
A 72 year old retired engineer presents to the Emergency Department complaining of pain and weakness in his left shoulder. On examination yo
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Management of Helicobacter Pylori Infection
A patient presents to ED complaining of indigestion. After excluding a gastric perforation, you review his recent investigations and note a
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV):
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Infectious Diseases caused by Herpesviruses
Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT caused by a herpesvirus:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for lipid synthesis:
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Function of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies general sensation to all of the following regions EXCEPT for:
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Opioids: Reversal Agent
Which of the following is an opioid receptor antagonist that can be used in opioid overdose:
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Disease Specific Immunoglobulin: Indications
Disease specific immunoglobulin is available for all of the following infectious diseases EXCEPT for:
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Thiopental: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of thiopental sodium:
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Attachments of the Extensor Retinaculum
You have been asked to review a 45 year old gardener who has sustained a laceration to the dorsal surface of their wrist. You are concerned
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Water Absorption in the Small Intestine
Whilst on working an elective in Nigeria a patient presents to hospital with profuse watery diarrhoea. Your supervising consultant suspects
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Clinical Features of Hypothyroidism
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of hypothyroidism:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A 35 year old woman who is 9 weeks pregnant presents to ED with severe persistent morning sickness. What acid-base disturbance would you mos
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
All of the following cause a rightward shift along the Starling curve, EXCEPT for:
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Anatomical Location of the Pituitary Gland
A patient presents with headaches and vision loss. Images shows empty sella syndrome. The sella turcica is present in which of the following
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Renal Handling of Sodium
About what percentage of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Attachments of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle
The fibularis brevis muscle attaches distally to which of the following structures:
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
You are calculating the anion gap on a patient with an acid-base disturbance and you find the anion gap to be low. Which of the following is
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the functional residual capacity (FRC):
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Surface Anatomy of the Appendix
McBurney's point, the surface projection of the base of the appendix is located at which of the following sites:
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Ligaments of the Knee Joint
A 23 year old professional footballer is brought to hospital after injuring his left leg in a tackle, where lateral force was applied to his
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding the sarcomere, which of the following best describes the I-band:
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Pathogenesis of Tetanus
Regarding Clostridium tetani, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Characteristics of Streptococcus Spp.
Regarding Streptococci species, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Adrenal Medulla
Regarding the adrenal medulla, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Attachments of the Fibularis Longus Muscle
A 35 year old man who is training for a marathon presents to ED with pain around the back and side of his foot. He has been assessed by the
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ALS Treatment Algorithm
In adult advanced life support, what is the correct initial dose of amiodarone for a shockable rhythm:
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Function of the Neuromuscular Junction
Which of the following neurotransmitter and receptor combinations is present at the neuromuscular junction:
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Factors affecting Functional Residual Capacity
The functional residual capacity (FRC) will be decreased in which of the following:
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Clinical Effects of Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury
A 54 year old man is admitted to the ED having been involved in a road traffic collision. He has sustained multiple fractures of the humerus
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Intraperitoneal vs Retroperitoneal Organs
A patient is brought to ED following a road traffic collision. CT demonstrates retroperitoneal haemorrhage. Which of the following structure
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Prednisolone: Indications
Prednisolone would be most useful for which of the following conditions:
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Inhaled Antimuscarinics: Pharmacology
Regarding antimuscarinic bronchodilators, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect renal handling of phosphate:
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Propofol: Mechanism of Action
You are preparing to use propofol for procedural sedation to reduce a joint. What is the mechanism of action of propofol:
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Cerebral Vascular Territories
A 40 year old female presents to ED complaining of complete visual loss in her right eye. On fundoscopy you note a pale retina and a cherry
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Trimethoprim: Pharmacology
Regarding trimethoprim, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Innervation of the Pectoralis Major Muscle
A 38 year old man is brought into the ED following an altercation with another male, during which he has suffered a laceration to the right
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the tenase complex in the extrinsic pathway is the:
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Pathophysiology of Osteomalacia
Regarding osteomalacia, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Relations of the Lung Root
Regarding the lung roots, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of Mean Arterial Pressure
What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in a patient with a blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg:
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Function of the Subscapularis Muscle
A 46 year old tennis player has presented to the Emergency Department complaining of pain in his left shoulder. After a thorough examination
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Articulations of the Tarsal Bones
The navicular bone articulates with all of the following bones except for the:
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Surface Anatomy of the Heart
A 19 year old woman is brought to the ED having been stabbed in the chest. She has sustained a penetrating wound in the left fourth intercos
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Immune Response
Regarding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Surface Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
At birth, the conus medullaris of the spinal cord lies at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Anatomical Relations at the Thoracic Inlet
A 47 year old presents to ED complaining of left hand pain. She has recently fractured her left clavicle which was treated conservatively. O
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Surface Anatomy of the Lung
A 28 year old man is brought to ED with a penetrating chest wall injury in the area of the fourth costal cartilage. Which of the following p
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Complications of Rubella
A pregnant patient presents to ED with a new onset rash which started on her face and spread to her body. She has recently been in contact w
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Innervation of the Quadratus Lumborum Muscle
The quadratus lumborum muscle is innervated by which of the following:
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Pharmacological Management of Acute Asthma
A 19 year old student presents to ED with severe acute asthma. You prescribe a salbutamol and ipratropium bromide nebuliser. What is the mos
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
A 64 year old man undergoes coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) using the great saphenous vein. Following the procedure he complains
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
In the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT for:
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Blood Supply to the Kidneys
Regarding blood supply to the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Phosphate
Regarding renal phosphate handling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Characteristics of Helicobacter Pylori
Regarding Helicobacter pylori, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Movements of the Radioulnar Joints
A patient sustains a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus with resultant damage to the radial nerve. He has wrist drop and is unable to
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Cerebral Vascular Territories
Occlusion of which of the following blood vessels is most likely to result in a receptive dysphasia:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
What is the effect of a positive inotrope on the Starling curve:
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Clinical Effects of Ulnar Nerve Injury
A 18 year patient old presents to ED following an injury to the distal crease of her wrist. You note a claw hand deformity with the fourth a
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland:
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Definitions of Hypothesis Testing
A p value < 0.05 obtained from a study with a significance level (α) of 0.05, means all of the following, EXCEPT:
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Anatomical Location of the Pituitary Gland
The pituitary gland sits within a small depression in which of the following skull bones:
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Clinical Effects of Hypoglossal Nerve Lesion
A 64 year old man has sustained a penetrating injury to the submandibular triangle. On examination, his tongue is weak and when protruded de
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Abdomen
The pre-aortic lymph nodes receive lymph from all of the following structures EXCEPT for the:
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Antihistamines: Pharmacology
Regarding antihistamines, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Complement Cascade
Which of the following complement proteins are the main chemoattractants for recruiting inflammatory cells:
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Clinical Effects of Temporal Lobe Lesion
Damage to Wernicke's area will most likely result in which of the following clinical features:
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Function of the Serratus Anterior Muscle
A 49 year old man presents to the Emergency Department after an alleged assault by multiple assailants. During examination he displays signs
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Boundaries of the Anatomical Snuffbox
A 67 year old woman presents to the ED after falling onto an outstretched hand. You x-ray her left wrist and note no fracture. You discuss
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Central vs Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Regarding chemical control of respiration, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Muscles of the Anterior Abdominal Wall
The flat anterior abdominal wall muscles are comprised of which of the following muscles:
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Mechanism of Ventilation-Perfusion Mismatch
Regarding V/Q mismatch, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Pathway of the Corneal Blink Reflex
Which of the following nerves is the afferent pathway of the corneal blink reflex:
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Penicillins: Pharmacology
Regarding penicillin antibiotics, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Complications of Measles
Which of the following complications is primarily associated with measles:
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Calculation of Absolute Risk Reduction
Regarding the interpretation of risk of an outcome event when comparing a treatment and control group, how is the absolute risk reduction ca
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Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome
Regarding haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Corticosteroids: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a glucocorticoid effect of corticosteroids:
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Antispasmodic Drugs: Indications
Antispasmodic drugs are primarily indicated in which of the following conditions:
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Cell Staining in Microscopy
Giemsa-stained blood film microscopy is typically used for the diagnosis of which of the following:
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Anatomical Relations of the Kidney
The left kidney is related anteriorly to all of the following structures EXCEPT for the:
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Surface Anatomy of the Pancreas
The body of the pancreas lies at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Calculation of Sensitivity
A new blood test is being developed to diagnose DVT. 1000 people presenting to ED with suspected DVT undergo the new blood test and the gol
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Anatomy of the Female Urethra
Regarding the female urethra, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Diagnosis of Pertussis
A 17 year old boy presents to ED with a 4 week history of a persistent paroxysmal cough. You can hear the characteristic inspiratory whoop a
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Beta-Blockers: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological effect of beta-blockers:
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Mechanism of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Myocardial contractility is best correlated with the intracellular concentration of:
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Calculation of Median
What is the median of the following data set: 13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
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Calculation of Positive Likelihood Ratio
A new test is being developed to diagnose chlamydia. 1000 people aged 15 – 35 years attending a GUM clinic undergo the new test and the cu
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Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
You are reviewing a patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). ADH acts primarily at which of the following sites
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Innervation of the Palatoglossus Muscle
The palatoglossus muscle of the tongue is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Anatomical Course of the Brachial Artery
A 32 year old construction worker presents to ED after an accident on the job. The tendon of the biceps brachii at the elbow has been sever
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Investigation of HIV Infection
Diagnosis of HIV is predominantly made through which of the following:
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A patient sustains an injury to the radial nerve at the axilla after sustaining a stab wound. Which of the following clinical findings would
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Openings of the Diaphragm
You are preparing an anatomy teaching session on the diaphragm. The thoracic duct passes through the diaphragm together with which of the fo
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Contents of the Popliteal Fossa
A 26 year old male has sustained a stab wound to the popliteal fossa and has injured the most lateral structure within this region. Which o
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Attachments of the Anterior Scalene Muscle
The anterior scalene muscle originates from which of the following structures:
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Surface Anatomy of the Lung
In quiet respiration, the position of the right oblique fissure can be marked by a line on the thoracic wall that:
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Carotid Sinus Massage
A 35 year old patient presents to ED with palpitations. ECG demonstrates a regular narrow-complex tachycardia. He has no adverse features. Y
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Clinical Effects of Brachial Plexus Injury
You have been asked to give a teaching session regarding the brachial plexus to a group of final year medical students. Regarding Klumpke's
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Regulation of Aldosterone
Which of the following hormones is released in direct response to high plasma [K+]:
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Anatomical Relations of the Prostate
Which of the following structures lies immediately posterior to the prostate gland:
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is typically raised in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Acute Phase Response
All of the following are characteristic features of the acute phase response, EXCEPT for:
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Structure of the Gut Wall
In the gastrointestinal tract, where is the Meissner's nerve plexus found:
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Production of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is primarily produced by which of the following structures:
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Components of Normal Bacterial Flora
Which of the following is NOT typically present in the skin flora:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the total lung capacity (TLC):
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Innervation of the Ear
You are examining a patient who presented with altered sensation to the face. You note she lacks sensation to her right ear lobule. This are
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Warfarin: Drug Interactions
Which of the following drugs may reduce the anticoagulant effect of warfarin:
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A 34 year old woman sustains a midshaft humerus fracture with nerve damage falling off a horse. Which of the following movements would most
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Innervation of the Posterior Leg Muscles
The muscles of the posterior leg are all innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Action Potential of the Sinoatrial Node
The upstroke of the action potential of the sinoatrial node occurs due to which of the following:
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Anatomical Course of the Subclavian Vein
Regarding the subclavian vein, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Lymphatic Drainage of the Testis
A 29 year patient presents to ED complaining of a painless lump in his scrotum. Imaging shows a tumour affecting the scrotum but sparing the
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is calculated using which of the following:
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