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Physiology

Gastrointestinal

Question 58 of 180

Which of the following vitamins is fat-soluble:

Answer:

Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble, the other vitamins are water soluble (B and C).

Vitamins

Physiology / Gastrointestinal / Small Intestine

Last Updated: 21st April 2019

Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble, the other vitamins (B and C) are water soluble .

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is dependent upon absorption of dietary fat, and they are stored in fatty tissue in the body, mainly in the liver. Sources of fat-soluble vitamins include meat, fish and vegetable oil.

The water-soluble vitamins are mainly absorbed by diffusion or mediated transport (other than vitamin B12). Body stores of water-soluble vitamins (other than vitamin B12) are smaller than the stores of fat-soluble vitamins.  Sources of water-soluble vitamins include milk, meat, fruit and vegetables.

Clinical Implications

Clinical effects of vitamin deficiency include:

  • Vitamin C deficiency - Scurvy
  • Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency - Beriberi/Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency - Megaloblastic anaemia/Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
  • Folate (B9) deficiency - Megaloblastic anaemia
  • Vitamin D deficiency - Osteomalacia/Rickets
  • Vitamin K deficiency - Defective clotting
  • Vitamin A deficiency - Blindness

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l
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