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Physiology

Endocrine

Question 146 of 180

Which of the following stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from the anterior pituitary:

Answer:

TSH secretion is stimulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

Physiology / Endocrine / Pituitary Function

Last Updated: 26th July 2024

Pituitary Hormone Hypothalamic Releasing/Inhibiting Factors Target Organ Effect
Growth hormone (GH)
  • Stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • Inhibited by somatostatin (also called growth hormone–inhibiting hormone (GHIH))
 Liver, bone, muscles Direct effect (regulates growth and metabolic rate)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • Stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
 Adrenal gland Stimulates release of cortisol
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)
  • Stimulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
 Gonads Stimulates release of testosterone/oestrogen and production of eggs/sperm
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • Stimulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
 Thyroid gland Stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T4/T3)
Prolactin
  • Weakly stimulated by TRH, oxytocin and ADH
  • Inhibited by dopamine (also called prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH))
 Mammary glands Direct effect (stimulates lactation)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • From posterior pituitary
 Kidneys Direct effect (regulates water balance)
Oxytocin
  • From posterior pituitary
 Female reproductive system Direct effect (stimulates milk ejection in suckling and uterine contractions in childbirth)

By OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Axis. (Image by OpenStax College [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l

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