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Date Completed: 12/06/2022
Page 1 of 18
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Regarding the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in ED who has taken an aspirin overdose. Which of the following patterns best describes the following arterial blood ga
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Factors affecting Functional Residual Capacity
The functional residual capacity (FRC) will be increased in which of the following:
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Clinical Features of Cushing's Syndrome
A 70 year old woman with known rheumatoid arthritis complains of weight gain, muscle weakness and ankle swelling. She has resistant hyperten
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Mechanism of Protein Digestion
Regarding protein digestion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for lipid synthesis:
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Function of Alveolar Pneumocytes
You reviewed a child with cystic fibrosis earlier and are reading up further on the condition. Patients with cystic fibrosis have an impaire
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Production and Function of Parathyroid Hormone
Regarding parathyroid hormone (PTH), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
The trigger to initiate the contractile process in skeletal muscle is:
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Isotonic vs Isometric Contraction
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles serves as a store for intracellular Ca2+:
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Functional Anatomy of the Heart
Regarding the heart, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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JVP Waveforms during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following JVP waveforms corresponds with atrial systole:
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Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs
The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) may be decreased in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
In the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following is a physiological function that is mediated by a hormone released by the posterior pituitary:
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Measurement of Renal Plasma Flow
The normal renal plasma flow in a healthy adult is about ________ :
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Function of the Thyroid Hormones
Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of thyroid hormones:
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Surface Tension in Alveoli
Regarding the alveolar air-fluid interface, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Factors affecting Lung Compliance
Regarding compliance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Endothelium
Regarding endothelium derived nitric oxide, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Normal Partial Pressure of Oxygen
Regarding the fractional concentration of oxygen in the air, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Relative Ionic Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Which of the following ions normally has the highest concentration in intracellular fluid:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
A patient presents with polyuria and polydipsia. Biochemistry results demonstrate a raised plasma osmolality and a low urine osmolality. Wh
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is characterised by which of the following:
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Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Location of the Pituitary Gland
Regarding the position of the pituitary gland, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Phases of Gastric Secretion
Regarding the gastric phase of gastric secretion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Factors affecting Airway Resistance
Regarding airway resistance, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Production of Insulin
Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas produce which of the following hormones:
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Normal Partial Pressure of Nitrogen
If the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, what is the partial pressure of nitrogen in dry inhaled air:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume change of the lung between a maximum inspiration and a maximum expiration:
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Heart Sounds during the Cardiac Cycle
What does the second heart sound correspond to on the ECG waveform:
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding the sarcomere, which of the following best describes the H-zone:
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Mechanism of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Regarding cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Degradation of Catecholamines
Monoamine oxidase is primarily involved in the degradation of which of the following:
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Pressure-Volume Loops in Respiration
When producing a pressure-volume loop for the measurement of static lung compliance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Microstructure of the Cardiac Myocyte
Which of the following structures prevents a direct electrical pathway from the atria to the ventricles:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic pathway is primarily activated by which of the following:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in the Emergency Department who is complaining of feeling dizzy and breathless. Which of the following patterns best de
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Pancreatic acinar digestive enzyme secretion is mainly stimulated by which of the following hormones:
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Which of the following hormones acts to inhibit Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron:
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Clinical Features of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
A 46 year old woman complains of feeling lethargic and dizzy on standing. On examination you note darkening of her lips and gums. Blood test
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding the sarcomere, which of the following best describes the I-band:
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Anatomical vs Alveolar Dead Space
Regarding dead space, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of the Filtration Fraction
The normal glomerular filtration fraction in a healthy adult is about ______ %:
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Organisation of Skeletal Muscle
Regarding skeletal muscle, which of the following best describes a fascicle:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasodilation of the glomerular capillaries:
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Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
You are reviewing a patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). ADH acts primarily at which of the following sites
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Function of the Gut Flora
Which of the following is NOT a function of the commensal intestinal bacterial flora:
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Control of Gastric Emptying
Regarding gastric motility and emptying, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Tonicity of a Solution
You are discussing possible treatments for cerebral oedema.What is the mechanism of action of hypertonic saline:
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Production of the Thyroid Hormones
Regarding the thyroid hormones, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Central vs Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Which of the following is most important in eliciting a ventilatory response to changes in PCO2:
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Control of the Defecation Reflex
Regarding defaecation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway is primarily activated by which of the following:
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
You are teaching a group of medical students about cardiovascular examination. You are discussing heart sounds and the cardiac cycle. Which
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Pancreatic exocrine secretion is increased by which of the following:
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Function of the Loop Of Henle
Regarding the loop of Henle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
A patient with known heart failure presents with worsening breathlessness. On examination you find signs of pulmonary oedema. In heart failu
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Pulmonary Host Defence Mechanisms
Which of the following types of cell is most important in the clearance of particles in the airways:
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Mechanism of Postural Hypotension
Regarding postural hypotension, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
You are seeing a child with known mitochondrial disease who has presented breathlessness and cough. Which of the following best describes th
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Renal potassium excretion is promoted by all but which one of the following:
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Mechanism of Carbohydrate Digestion
Regarding carbohydrate digestion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Production of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is primarily produced in response to:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Function of the Large Intestine
Regarding the large intestine, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air that can be expelled at the end of a normal expiration:
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Function of the Neuromuscular Junction
Regarding the neuromuscular junction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
A shocked and septic a patient is brought to ED. ITU is called and the ITU registrar prescribes dilute IV adrenaline. What effect do inotrop
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Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone
Which of the following acts to inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release from the posterior pituitary:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
Regarding reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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JVP Waveforms during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following JVP waveforms corresponds with isovolumetric contraction:
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Measurement of Renal Clearance
Glomerular filtration rate can be calculated using any substance that:
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Action Potential of the Ventricular Myocyte
What is the threshold potential of a ventricular myocyte:
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Regarding the human cell, which of the following cell organelles is responsible for the production of ATP:
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
Regarding glycolysis in cellular respiration, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Characteristics of the Cutaneous Circulation
Regarding the cutaneous circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of Alveolar Pneumocytes
You are treating a patient with known heart failure who presented with dyspnoea and hypoxia due to pulmonary congestion. The hypoxia is like
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Regarding acid-base regulation in the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Calcium
Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Disease
A patient with known lung fibrosis presents to ED with worsening breathlessness. You are reviewing her most recent lung function tests. Whic
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Measurement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Regarding peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), which of the following is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Calcium
Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Control of Respiration
Regarding central control of respiration, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
The normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult is about _______ :
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Partial Pressures of Atmospheric Gases
Regarding the partial pressure of gases, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) primarily acts on which of the following target organs:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A 35 year old man is brought to the emergency department having been found collapsed by his girlfriend. What is the most likely diagnosis ta
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Conducting System of the Heart
Conduction of impulses between the atria and the ventricles is channelled through:
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Regulation of Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is primarily released in direct response to:
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Characteristics of the Pulmonary Circulation
Regarding the pulmonary circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of SIADH
Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in a euvolaemic patient who has the following biochemical abnormalities; hyponatraemia,
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Renal Handling of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Cushing's Syndrome
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of Cushing's syndrome:
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Structure of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Regarding the parasympathetic nervous system, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Pathophysiology of Cushing's Syndrome
A patient presents to ED with a headache and is found to be severely hypertensive. She is currently under investigation for suspected Cushin
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following hormones originates in the anterior pituitary:
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Oxygen Transport in the Blood
Regarding oxygen transport, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
An action potential in the motor end plate rapidly spreads to the central portions of the muscle cells by means of the:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Vital capacity (VC) is calculated using which of the following:
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Renal Handling of Phosphate
Regarding renal phosphate handling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Relative Fluid Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Which of the following fluid compartments contains the greatest volume of water:
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Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Which of the following is typically used as the threshold for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in a symptomatic patient:
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Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Disease
A patient with known COPD presents to ED with worsening breathlessness. You are looking at her old notes and noticed recent spirometry resul
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland:
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Mechanism of Fat Digestion
Micelle formation is necessary for the intestinal absorption of which of the following:
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Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs
The diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) may be decreased in all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Mechanism of the Gastric Mucosal Barrier
Regarding protection of the gastric mucosa, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Production of Intrinsic Factor
Which of the following is the site of secretion of intrinsic factor:
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Production and Function of Calcitonin
Regarding calcitonin, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Functional Anatomy of the Small Intestine
Which of the following is not secreted by the brush border:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Functional residual capacity (FRC) is calculated using which of the following:
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Function of Pulmonary Surfactant
A patient is brought to ED with worsening breathlessness. They are known to have a genetic surfactant dysfunction disorder. What is the func
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Regulation of Prolactin
Dopamine released from the hypothalamus acts to cause which of the following:
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Control of Bile Release
Which of the following hormones is primarily responsible for release of bile from the gallbladder:
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Functional Anatomy of the Nephron
Regarding the nephrons, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Water Absorption in the Small Intestine
Regarding water and electrolyte absorption in the small intestine, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Negative Feedback Loops in Homeostasis
A negative feedback mechanism comprises which of the following:
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
What is the role of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
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Function of the Loop Of Henle
Regarding the loop of Henle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air drawn into and out of the lungs during normal breathing:
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Definition of Henry's Law
Which of the following describes the relationship between the partial pressure of a gas and the amount of that gas that will dissolve in a l
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Functional Anatomy of the Stomach
Regarding the stomach, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Definition of a Motor Unit
Regarding skeletal muscle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) increase water reabsorption in the kidneys:
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Production and Function of Antidiuretic Hormone
Regarding antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Hyperkalaemia
Which of the following is NOT an ECG change typically associated with hyperkalaemia:
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Phases of Gastric Secretion
Regarding the phases of gastric secretion, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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