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Anatomy

Head and Neck

Question 144 of 180

Regarding the hard palate, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

Answer:

Lymphatic vessels from the palate drain into the deep cervical nodes.

Hard Palate

Anatomy / Head and Neck / Mouth and Hard Palate

Last Updated: 22nd December 2019

The roof of the oral cavity consists of the palate - the anterior hard palate and the posterior soft palate. The hard palate separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavities.

Boundaries

The anterior three-quarters of the hard palate are formed by the palatine processes of the maxillae and the posterior one-quarter is formed by the horizontal plates of the palatine bones.

In the oral cavity, the hard palate is bordered by the upper alveolar arch anteriorly and laterally. Posteriorly the hard palate is continuous with the soft palate.

Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

Hard Palate. (Image by Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)

Blood Supply

The blood supply to the palate is derived from branches from the external carotid artery: the greater palatine branch of the maxillary artery, the ascending palatine branch of the facial artery and the palatine branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery.

Lymphatic Drainage

Lymphatic vessels from the palate drain into the deep cervical nodes.

Innervation

SENSORY:

The hard palate is innervated by the greater palatine and nasopalatine nerves and the soft palate is innervated by the lesser palatine nerve. General sensory fibres carried in all these nerves originate in the pterygopalatine fossa from the maxillary nerve.

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l
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