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Questions Answered: 215

Final Score 69%

148
67

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Microbiology

Pathogens

Question 190 of 215

Regarding Clostridium species, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

Answer:

Clostridium spp. are obligatory anaerobic spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli. Toxin production is the main pathogenicity mechanism.

Clostridium Spp.

Microbiology / Pathogens / Clostridial Infection

Last Updated: 23rd April 2020

Clostridial toxins

Clostridia produce the largest number of toxins of any bacterial class. The common source of entry in humans is the gastrointestinal tract or trauma.

Species-specific toxin expression:

  • Botulism (C. botulinum)
  • Colitis (C. difficile)
  • Tetanus (C. tetani)
  • Septic abortion (C. sordellii)
  • Gas gangrene (C. perfringens, C. novyi, C. septicum, C. sordellii, C. histolyticum)
  • Clostridial food poisoning (C. perfringens)

Clostridium Perfringens

Microorganism Clostridium Perfringens
Gram stain Gram positive
Shape Rod
Oxygen requirements Obligate anaerobe
Additional features Spore-forming, Produces exotoxin
Reservoir Soil & intestinal flora
Diseases Gas gangrene, food poisoning

Clostridium Tetani

Microorganism Clostridium Tetani
Gram stain Gram positive
Shape Rod
Oxygen requirements Obligate anaerobe
Additional features Spore-forming, Produces tetanospasmin
Reservoir Soil, dust & intestinal flora
Diseases Tetanus

Clostridium Difficile

Microorganism Clostridium Difficile
Gram stain Gram positive
Shape Rod
Oxygen requirements Obligate anaerobe
Additional features Spore-forming, Produces Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)
Reservoir Intestinal flora & environment
Diseases Pseudomembranous colitis

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l
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