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Questions Answered: 215

Final Score 69%

148
67

Questions

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Microbiology

Pathogens

Question 58 of 215

Regarding hookworm, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

Answer:

Hookworm eggs hatch into an infective larvae that are able to burrow through intact skin to cause infection. Infection is usually acquired by walking barefoot in soil contaminated with human faeces. The larvae migrate to the lungs via the bloodstream where they are expectorated and swallowed into the stomach. The larvae mature into adult worms in the small intestine and eggs are passed in the stool continuing the infectious cycle.

Hookworm

Microbiology / Pathogens / Worms

Last Updated: 11th September 2020

Infection by hookworm is prevalent in developing countries.

Life Cycle

Hookworm eggs hatch into an infective larvae that are able to burrow through intact skin to cause infection. Infection is usually acquired by walking barefoot in soil contaminated with human faeces. The larvae migrate to the lungs via the bloodstream where they are expectorated and swallowed into the stomach. The larvae mature into adult worms in the small intestine and eggs are passed in the stool continuing the infectious cycle.

Clinical Features

Hookworms live in the upper small intestine and draw blood from the point of their attachment to their host. An iron-deficiency anaemia may occur and, if present, effective treatment of the infection requires not only expulsion of the worms but treatment of the anaemia. Hookworm may also cause irritation at the entry site, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and eosinophilia.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by direct visualisation of characteristic eggs in stool on microscopy.

Treatment

Mebendazole has a useful broad-spectrum activity, and is effective against hookworms. Albendazole [unlicensed] (available from ‘special-order’ manufacturers or specialist importing companies) is an alternative. Levamisole is also effective in children.

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  • Biochemistry
  • Blood Gases
  • Haematology
Biochemistry Normal Value
Sodium 135 – 145 mmol/l
Potassium 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l
Urea 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l
Glucose 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l
Creatinine 35 – 135 μmol/l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) 5 – 35 U/l
Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) < 65 U/l
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) 30 – 135 U/l
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) < 40 U/l
Total Protein 60 – 80 g/l
Albumin 35 – 50 g/l
Globulin 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl
Amylase < 70 U/l
Total Bilirubin 3 – 17 μmol/l
Calcium 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l
Chloride 95 – 105 mmol/l
Phosphate 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l
Haematology Normal Value
Haemoglobin 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl
White Blood Cells 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l
Platelets 150 – 450 x 109/l
MCV 80 – 96 fl
MCHC 32 – 36 g/dl
Neutrophils 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l
Lymphocytes 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l
Monocytes 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l
Eosinophils 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l
Basophils < 0.2 x 109/l
Reticulocytes < 2%
Haematocrit 0.35 – 0.49
Red Cell Distribution Width 11 – 15%
Blood Gases Normal Value
pH 7.35 – 7.45
pO2 11 – 14 kPa
pCO2 4.5 – 6.0 kPa
Base Excess -2 – +2 mmol/l
Bicarbonate 24 – 30 mmol/l
Lactate < 2 mmol/l
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