Anatomy
Abdomen
The abdominal wall is divided into a simple four quadrant pattern by the vertical median plane intersecting with which of the following transverse planes:
Answer:
The abdominal wall may be divided into a simple four-quadrant topographical pattern by a horizontal line passing through the umbilicus and the intervertebral disc between vertebrae L3 and L4 (transumbilical plane) intersecting with the vertical median plane.Abdominal Regions
Anatomy / Abdomen / Anterior Abdominal Wall
Last Updated: 8th July 2019
Abdominal Regions. (Image by OpenStax. [CC BY 3.0 , via Wikimedia Commons)
Four-quadrant pattern
The abdominal wall may be divided into a simple four-quadrant topographical pattern by a horizontal line passing through the umbilicus and the intervertebral disc between vertebrae L3 and L4 (transumbilical plane) intersecting with the vertical median plane; this forms the right upper, the left upper, the right lower and the left lower quadrants.
Nine-region pattern
The nine-region topographical description is based on two horizontal and two vertical planes:
- The two vertical planes pass on each side from the midpoint of the clavicle to the midpoint of the inguinal ligament.
- The inferior horizontal plane (the intertubercular plane) connects the tubercles of the iliac crests and passes posteriorly through the body of vertebra L5.
- The superior horizontal plane may be taken as the subcostal or the transpyloric plane:
- The subcostal plane lies immediately inferior to the costal margins at the lower border of the tenth costal cartilage and passes posteriorly through the body of vertebra L3.
- The transpyloric plane lies halfway between the jugular notch and the pubic symphysis, intersecting with the costal margin at the ends of the ninth costal cartilage and passing posteriorly through the body of vertebra L1.
The nine regions are designated (read as if reading a book):
- the right hypochondriac region
- the epigastric region
- the left hypochondriac region
- the right lumbar region (or flank)
- the umbilical region
- the left lumbar region (or flank)
- the right iliac region
- the pubic (or hypogastric) region
- the left iliac region
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
