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Time Completed: 00:51:11
Final Score 27%
49
131
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Vitamins
Physiology / Gastrointestinal / Small Intestine
Last Updated: 21st April 2019
Vitamins are classified as fat soluble or water soluble. Vitamins A, D, E and K are fat soluble, the other vitamins (B and C) are water soluble .
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins is dependent upon absorption of dietary fat, and they are stored in fatty tissue in the body, mainly in the liver. Sources of fat-soluble vitamins include meat, fish and vegetable oil.
The water-soluble vitamins are mainly absorbed by diffusion or mediated transport (other than vitamin B12). Body stores of water-soluble vitamins (other than vitamin B12) are smaller than the stores of fat-soluble vitamins. Sources of water-soluble vitamins include milk, meat, fruit and vegetables.
Clinical Implications
Clinical effects of vitamin deficiency include:
- Vitamin C deficiency - Scurvy
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency - Beriberi/Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
- Vitamin B12 deficiency - Megaloblastic anaemia/Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
- Folate (B9) deficiency - Megaloblastic anaemia
- Vitamin D deficiency - Osteomalacia/Rickets
- Vitamin K deficiency - Defective clotting
- Vitamin A deficiency - Blindness
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
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