Anatomy
Cranial Nerve Lesions
Question 20 of 180
The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve exits the skull through the:
Answer:
The maxillary nerve exits the skull through the foramen rotundum.Cranial Nerve V2: Maxillary Nerve
Anatomy / Cranial Nerve Lesions / Head and Neck / Face / Infratemporal Fossa
Last Updated: 11th April 2019
The maxillary nerve is the second branch of the trigeminal nerve.
Functional Overview
The maxillary nerve (via its branches) supplies sensation to:
- the orbital wall
- the sphenoidal and ethmoidal sinuses
- the mucosa and glands of the hard palate and associated gingiva
- the nasal cavity
- the soft palate
- the upper teeth and associated gingiva
- the nasopharynx
- skin over the temple and the zygomatic bone
- the maxillary sinus
- the lateral aspect of the external nose and part of the nasal septum
- skin of the lower eyelid and its conjunctiva
- skin over the cheek and upper lip and associated oral mucosa
- part of the cranial dura mater.
It also supplies parasympathetic fibres to the lacrimal glands and nasal glands.
Anatomical Course
The maxillary nerve originates from the trigeminal ganglia in the cranial cavity and, after passing through the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus, enters the pterygopalatine fossa through the foramen rotundum.
Trigeminal Nerve. (Image by Henry Vandyke Carter [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons)
Branches
The maxillary nerve gives rise to numerous sensory branches:
- In the cranium
- Middle meningeal nerve
- In the pterygopalatine fossa
- Zygomatic nerve
- Zygomaticotemporal nerve (innervating a small area of the anterior temple above the zygomatic arch)
- Zygomaticofacial nerve (innervating a small area of skin over the zygomatic bone)
- Nasopalatine nerve
- Posterior superior alveolar nerve
- Greater and lesser palatine nerves
- Pharyngeal nerve
- Zygomatic nerve
- In the infraorbital canal
- Middle superior alveolar nerve
- Anterior superior alveolar nerve
- Infraorbital nerve (innervating the lower eyelid, the cheek, the side of the nose and the upper lip)
- On the face
- Inferior palpebral nerve
- Superior labial nerve
- Lateral nasal nerve
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- Biochemistry
- Blood Gases
- Haematology
| Biochemistry | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Sodium | 135 – 145 mmol/l |
| Potassium | 3.0 – 4.5 mmol/l |
| Urea | 2.5 – 7.5 mmol/l |
| Glucose | 3.5 – 5.0 mmol/l |
| Creatinine | 35 – 135 μmol/l |
| Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) | 5 – 35 U/l |
| Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT) | < 65 U/l |
| Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30 – 135 U/l |
| Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) | < 40 U/l |
| Total Protein | 60 – 80 g/l |
| Albumin | 35 – 50 g/l |
| Globulin | 2.4 – 3.5 g/dl |
| Amylase | < 70 U/l |
| Total Bilirubin | 3 – 17 μmol/l |
| Calcium | 2.1 – 2.5 mmol/l |
| Chloride | 95 – 105 mmol/l |
| Phosphate | 0.8 – 1.4 mmol/l |
| Haematology | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| Haemoglobin | 11.5 – 16.6 g/dl |
| White Blood Cells | 4.0 – 11.0 x 109/l |
| Platelets | 150 – 450 x 109/l |
| MCV | 80 – 96 fl |
| MCHC | 32 – 36 g/dl |
| Neutrophils | 2.0 – 7.5 x 109/l |
| Lymphocytes | 1.5 – 4.0 x 109/l |
| Monocytes | 0.3 – 1.0 x 109/l |
| Eosinophils | 0.1 – 0.5 x 109/l |
| Basophils | < 0.2 x 109/l |
| Reticulocytes | < 2% |
| Haematocrit | 0.35 – 0.49 |
| Red Cell Distribution Width | 11 – 15% |
| Blood Gases | Normal Value |
|---|---|
| pH | 7.35 – 7.45 |
| pO2 | 11 – 14 kPa |
| pCO2 | 4.5 – 6.0 kPa |
| Base Excess | -2 – +2 mmol/l |
| Bicarbonate | 24 – 30 mmol/l |
| Lactate | < 2 mmol/l |
