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Date Completed: 18/10/2021
Page 1 of 18
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Normal Partial Pressure of Oxygen
If the atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in dry inhaled air:
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Clinical Effects of Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury
A patient presents to ED with a stab wound to the axilla. On examination you note weakness of elbow flexion and forearm supination. Which of
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Mechanism of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Regarding cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Measuring Spread using Standard Deviation
A range of one standard deviation above and below the mean includes what approximate percentage of the sample values:
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Innervation of the Tongue
Sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue is carried by which of the following nerves:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the dorsum of the foot is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Dermatomal Supply of the Thoracic Wall
A patient is brought to ED having been involved in a road traffic accident. Imaging shows a fracture of the T3 vertebral body with compressi
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Calculation of Number Needed to Treat
A new chemotherapy drug is being tested. The intervention reduces the risk of death from 10 in 1000 to 5 in 1000. What is the number needed
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Characteristics of Herpes Simplex
Regarding herpes simplex, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland:
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Anatomy of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Regarding the vestibulocochlear nerve, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Cephalosporins: Pharmacology
Regarding cephalosporin antibiotics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A 35 year old woman who is 9 weeks pregnant presents to ED with severe persistent morning sickness. What acid-base disturbance would you mos
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Function of the Posterior Forearm Muscles
A 39 year old man presents to ED complaining of pain over the lateral epicondyle of the right arm. You suspect lateral epicondylitis, which
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Enterohepatic Circulation of Bile Acids
Regarding bile acids, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Contents of the Anatomical Snuffbox
A 54 year old man presents to the ED after tripping on a kerb. He tells you he fell onto his outstretched right hand. He complains of pain
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Metronidazole: Pharmacology
Regarding metronidazole, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Negative Feedback Loops in Homeostasis
A negative feedback mechanism comprises which of the following:
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Characteristics of Helicobacter Pylori
Regarding Helicobacter pylori, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Production of Gastrin
Gastrin release from antral G-cells is stimulated by all but which one of the following:
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Complications of Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Clostridium difficile is typically associated with which of the following complications:
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Hodgkin Lymphoma
A 19 year old male presents to the GP with painless asymmetrical cervical lymphadenopathy. Histological examination of a biopsied lymph node
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Organisation of Skeletal Muscle
Regarding skeletal muscle, which of the following best describes a fascicle:
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Innervation of the Anal Canal
The external anal sphincter is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Oral Rehydration Solutions: Pharmacology
Regarding oral rehydration therapy, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Conducting System of the Heart
The physiological function of the slowed conduction through the atrioventricular node is to allow sufficient time for which of the following
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Clinical Effects of Facial Nerve Lesion
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of a facial nerve palsy:
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Articulations of the Hip Joint
An 85 year old man is brought to the ED complaining of fever and pain in his right hip. You suspect a septic arthritis of the right hip join
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Attachments of the Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
You have been asked to give a tutorial regarding the muscles of the shoulder region to a group of medical students. One of the students asks
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Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts to cause all of the following effects EXCEPT for:
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Vasoconstriction vs Vasodilation
Regarding vascular tone, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Calculation of Positive Likelihood Ratio
A new test is being developed to diagnose chlamydia. 1000 people aged 15 – 35 years attending a GUM clinic undergo the new test and the cu
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Propofol: Mechanism of Action
A 47 year old woman requires procedural sedation for DC cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. You plan to use propofol. Sedation is more lik
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Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has the primary function of which of the following:
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Natural Killer Cells
Regarding natural killer cells, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Attachment Mechanisms of Escherichia Coli
A 21 year old female is diagnosed with a lower UTI. Culture demonstrates Escherichia coli. Which of the following virulence factors of E. c
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Ligaments of the Elbow Joint
A 23 year old woman presents to the ED after falling and sustaining a dislocation of the right elbow. Regarding the ligaments of the elbow,
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C-Reactive Protein
Which of the following cytokines primarily stimulates production of C-reactive protein (CRP):
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Function of the Adrenal Cortex
Regarding the adrenal cortex, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Classification of Acute Asthma
Which of the following clinical features is a cardinal sign of near-fatal asthma:
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Openings of the Diaphragm
You are teaching a group of medical students about the diaphragm. The oesophageal opening in the diaphragm is found at which thoracic level:
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Production of Gastrin
Gastrin release from antral G-cells is inhibited by all but which one of the following:
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Contents of the Rectus Sheath
A patient presents with a superficial stab wound to the rectus sheath. Which of the following muscles is contained within the rectus sheath:
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Calculation of Relative Risk Reduction
A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is carried out to study the effects of a new anticoagulant, Anticlot, on stroke incidence in patients w
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Characteristics of Streptococcus Pneumoniae
Regarding Streptococcus pneumoniae, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Phases of Swallowing
During swallowing, the tracheal opening is mainly closed off by which of the following structures:
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Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle
You have been asked to perform an arterial blood gas collection from a patient's femoral artery. The femoral triangle is bordered medially b
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic pathway requires which of the following clotting factors:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Attachment
A patient presents with a gastrointestinal infection. Which of the following microbes attaches to gut mucosa via a specialised sucking disc:
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Surface Anatomy of the Lung
In quiet respiration, the position of the right oblique fissure can be marked by a line on the thoracic wall that:
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ACE Inhibitors: Pharmacology
Regarding ACE inhibitors, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Surface Anatomy of the Diaphragm
At rest the right dome of the diaphragm normally reaches as high as which of the following:
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Causative Agents of Urinary Tract Infection
A 21 year old female presents to ED complaining of a 2 day history of dysuria and urinary frequency. Urine dipstick shows leucocytes ++, nit
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Innervation of the Piriformis Muscle
A 32 year old woman is brought to the ED after falling from a horse. Imaging shows multiple injuries to the pelvic region including transect
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Attachments of the Anterior Forearm Muscles
You are examining the arm of a 23 year old electrician who has sustained a fracture of the humerus following a fall. On examination he finds
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
A 26 year old woman presents complaining of numbness in her right hand. On examination she has no sensation to the skin over the lateral hal
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Anatomical vs Alveolar Dead Space
A patient presents with pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. She has recently been immobile due to a knee operation. CTPA demonstra
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Articulations of the Ribs
A 35 year old woman is brought to ED having been involved in a road traffic accident. She has sustained a chest injury on impact with the st
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Tonicity of a Solution
You are discussing possible treatments for cerebral oedema.What is the mechanism of action of hypertonic saline:
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Anatomy of the Intervertebral Disc
Regarding the intervertebral disc, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Regarding control of pancreatic exocrine secretion, which of the following statement is CORRECT:
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Definition of Specificity
Which of the following terms describes the proportion of patients without a disease who are correctly identified by a test as not having the
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Causative Agents of Osteomyelitis
A 45 year old man presented with fever and upper back pain. MRI imaging demonstrated inflammation of the T8 - T9 vertebral bodies consistent
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Lidocaine: Mechanism of Action
What is the mechanism of action of lidocaine as an anti-arrhythmic drug:
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Anatomical Relations at the Thoracic Plane
Which of the following occurs at the transverse thoracic plane:
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Function of the Femoral Nerve
You form part of the trauma team caring for a roofer who fell approximately 7 metres from a roof, landing across a beam. Imaging of the spin
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Function of Lung Receptors
Regarding pulmonary receptors, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mechanism of Carbohydrate Digestion
Regarding carbohydrate digestion, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Multiple Myeloma
A 65 year old woman presents with new-onset back pain. She is found to have osteopaenia, osteolytic lesions and vertebral collapse on radiol
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Function of the Superficial Fibular Nerve
The superficial fibular nerve innervates which of the following muscles:
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Causative Agents of Bacterial Meningitis
A 20 year old student is brought into ED complaining of a severe headache associated with photophobia and fever. You identify a non-blanchin
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in ED who has taken an aspirin overdose. Which of the following patterns best describes the following arterial blood ga
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Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
The lateral femoral cutaneous nerve innervates which of the following:
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Mechanism of Vitamin B12 Absorption
A 28 year old patient with known inflammatory bowel disease presents to ED with surgical complications following his recent ileocaecal resec
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Boundaries of the Femoral Ring
A 87 year old woman presents to the ED after her carers noted she was complaining of pain in the right groin. On examination you note a tend
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Pharmacological Management of DKA
Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), glucose should be given in addition to insulin once blood-glucose concentration fa
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Function of the Popliteus Muscle
Contraction of the popliteus muscle in initiation of knee flexion produces which of the following actions:
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Clinical Effects of Ulnar Nerve Injury
A 29 year old fell heavily while base-jumping and presents to ED with a painful right arm. X-ray shows a fracture of the medial epicondyle.
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Clinical Features of Cushing's Syndrome
A patient complains of weight gain, acne and easy bruising. She is found to have hypertension. There is most likely to be an abnormality wit
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Clinical Effects of Femoral Nerve Injury
A 28 year old man was involved in a road traffic accident, and subsequently complained of weakness in extending his leg at the knee joint. F
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Movements of the Thoracic Wall
Which of the following muscles are primarily involved in passive inspiration:
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
In the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT for:
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Action Potential of the Sinoatrial Node
Regarding the sinoatrial node (SAN), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Movements of the Shoulder Joint
A 35 year old woman was involved in a road traffic accident 8 weeks ago, where she suffered a fracture of the lateral border of the scapula.
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Site of Meckel's Diverticulum
Which of the following describes the site of a Meckel's diverticulum:
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Anatomy of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Regarding the glossopharyngeal nerve, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Pathogenesis of Tetanus
A patient presents to ED with neck stiffness and trismus which has developed over the last 24 hours. About 10 days ago he sustained a punctu
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Clinical Effects of Oculomotor Nerve Lesion
A patient complains of diplopia and on examination is found to have eye deviation downwards and outwards. Which of the following nerves is m
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Beta-Blockers: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a pharmacological effect of beta-blockers:
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Traumatic Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
A 31 year old male presents to ED with a head injury. Rhinorrhoea will most likely result from fracture of which of the following bones:
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Clinical Features of Primary Hyperthyroidism
Which of the following biochemical patterns is most typical of primary hyperthyroidism:
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Antiemetics: Side Effects
A patient presents to ED complaining of a stiff neck. He tells you that his neck is 'locked' to the right and he hasn't been able to move it
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Location of the Brainstem Nuclei
Which of the following brainstem nuclei is NOT located in the pons:
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Production of Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin release is stimulated primarily by which of the following:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the sole of the foot is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Production of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is primarily produced by which of the following:
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Isotonic vs Isometric Contraction
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Nitrous Oxide: Pharmacology
Regarding nitrous oxide, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
Damage to Broca's area will most likely result in which of the following clinical features:
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Dorsal Compartments of the Wrist
A 28 year old man presents to ED with a stab wound to lateral dorsal wrist. Imaging shows damage to the first dorsal compartment of the wris
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Etomidate: Side Effects
Which of the following side effects has limited the use of etomidate as an intravenous induction agent:
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Anatomy of the Interosseous Muscles
A 67 year old patient complains of weakness of abduction and adduction of his fingers. You suspect weakness of the interossei. Regarding the
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Clinical Features of Graves' Disease
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of Graves' disease:
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Structure of the Inguinal Canal
Regarding the inguinal canal, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Branches of the Facial Nerve
A patient presenting with nerve injury has sparing of the upper half of the orbicularis oculi muscle but not the lower half. The lower half
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Innervation of the Urinary Tract
A 70 year old undergoes radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Postoperatively he complains of urinary incontinence due to paralysis of
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Function of the Endothelium
Regarding endothelium derived nitric oxide, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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JVP Waveforms during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following JVP waveforms corresponds with atrial filling:
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Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Regarding the nasal cavities, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
A 20 year old factory worker sustains a crush injury to her vertebral column whilst at work. Imaging shows swelling of the spinal cord. Wh
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Relative Ionic Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Which of the following ions normally has the highest concentration in intracellular fluid:
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Characteristics of Staphylococcus Epidermidis
Regarding Staphylococcus epidermidis, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Endothelium
Endothelin-1 release from endothelium is stimulated by all of the following EXCEPT for:
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Anatomical Relations of the Flexor Retinaculum
A 48 year old man presents to ED having sustained a superficial laceration to his wrist on broken glass. Which of the following structures p
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Management of Tetanus-Prone Wounds
A 22 year old man has suffered extensive burns to his arms and torso following a house fire, with a significant amount of devitalised tissue
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Calculation of Interquartile Range
What is the interquartile range of the following data set: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70
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Microbial Mechanisms of Immune Evasion
Which of the following microbes secretes an IgA protease that degrades host immunoglobulin:
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Bursa of the Knee Joint
Which of the following knee bursae typically communicates with the synovial cavity of the knee joint:
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Gentamicin: Side Effects
Which of the following side effects is most likely attributed to gentamicin:
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Renal Handling of Sodium
About what percentage of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle:
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Calculation of Mean Arterial Pressure
Regarding pressures in the peripheral vascular system, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Adductor Muscles
A 32 year old builder is brought to the ED after falling through a glass sky light onto the floor below. A primary survey has been performed
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Innervation of the Posterior Forearm Muscles
A 32 year old man sustains an injury to the proximal radial nerve after falling from a ladder. Which of the following muscles would you NOT
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Articulations of the Wrist Joint
A 56 year old illustrator presents to the ED with a 3 day history of right wrist pain. He is concerned as this is affecting his work. On exa
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Function of the Superficial Fibular Nerve
The superficial fibular nerve supplies which of the following areas of skin:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the vital capacity (VC):
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Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Regarding chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasodilation of the glomerular capillaries:
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Calculation of Relative Risk Reduction
Regarding the interpretation of risk of an outcome event when comparing a treatment and control group, how is the relative risk reduction ca
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding the sarcomere, which of the following best describes the A-band:
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Contents of the Carpal Tunnel
A 47 year old secretary presents to the ED complaining of pain in the left wrist. After examination you suspect carpal tunnel syndrome. Whic
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Anatomical Relations of the Thyroid Gland
A 34 year old woman presents to ED complaining of a hoarse voice. She underwent a thyroidectomy 2 weeks ago. Which of the following nerves w
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Antacid Drugs: Interactions
A patient presents to ED with heartburn for which they already take regular antacids. Which of the following drugs can be affected if taken
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Infectious Disease caused by Clostridium Botulinum
A patient presents with a progressive symmetric descending flaccid paralysis following a 2 day history of diarrhoea and vomiting. He initial
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ACE inhibitors: Drug Interactions
The risk of renal impairment in a patient on ACE inhibitor therapy is increased by concomitant treatment with which of the following drug cl
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Natural Killer Cells
Regarding natural killer cells, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
A patient presents to ED complaining of pain and paraesthesia in her right hand which becomes worse at night. Her symptoms have been ongoing
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Transmission of Chlamydia Psittaci
Chlamydia psittaci transmission is classically associated with which of the following:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Attachment
Which of the following microbes attaches to host cells by its haemagglutinin antigen:
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Inhaled Antimuscarinics: Cautions
Ipratropium bromide should be used with caution in patients with which of the following conditions:
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Function of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Molecules with a molecular weight of less than which of the following are filtered freely at the glomerular filtration barrier:
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Relative Ionic Distribution in Fluid Spaces
Which of the following ions has a higher concentration in extracellular fluid than in intracellular fluid:
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Incomplete Lesions of the Spinal Cord
A 24 year old builder is brought into ED following an accident at work in which a tool has fallen on his head causing a flexion injury. He h
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
In the ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle, all of the following statements are true EXCEPT for:
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Movements of the Ankle Joint
A 23 year old dancer presents to ED after falling and injuring her left foot. X-ray demonstrates a fracture involving the ankle joint. Which
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