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Date Completed: 30/03/2023
Page 1 of 13
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Renal Handling of Phosphate
Regarding renal phosphate handling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasoconstriction of the glomerular capillaries:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A patient presents with vomiting and diarrhoea ongoing for 3 days. He is tachycardic and tachypnoeic. Describe the acid-base balance disturb
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Function of the Distal Collecting System
Regarding the distal nephron, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) acts to cause all of the following effects EXCEPT for:
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
A 35 year old man is brought to the emergency department having been found collapsed by his girlfriend. Calculate his anion gap using the bl
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Renal potassium excretion is promoted by all but which one of the following:
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Regarding bicarbonate handling by the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Structure of the Glomerulus
Mesangial cells surround the glomerular capillaries and act to perform all EXCEPT which of the following functions:
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Functional Anatomy of the Kidney
Regarding the kidneys, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A 35 year old man is brought to the emergency department having been found collapsed by his girlfriend. What is the most likely diagnosis ta
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Clinical Effects of Hyperkalaemia
Which of the following is an ECG change typically associated with hyperkalaemia:
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Clinical Effects of Hyperkalaemia
A patient with known renal disease is sent in by his GP with a potassium of 7.5 mEq/L. Which of the following ECG changes might indicate imm
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Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
In the glomerulus, if the diameter of the afferent arteriole is reduced relative to the diameter of the efferent arteriole:
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
What is the role of the juxtaglomerular (granular) cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in the Emergency Department who is complaining of feeling dizzy and breathless. Which of the following patterns best de
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Renal Handling of Sodium
About what percentage of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Which of the following causes increased aldosterone secretion:
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Blood Supply to the Kidneys
Regarding blood supply to the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
In tubuloglomerular feedback, where is increased tubular flow rate detected in the nephron:
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Measurement of Renal Clearance
Glomerular filtration rate can be calculated using any substance that:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
How is filtered K+ mainly reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle:
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Measurement of Renal Clearance
Regarding renal clearance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Loop Of Henle
Regarding the loop of Henle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
What is the role of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Regarding regulation of renal blood flow, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
Which of the following cations are required to calculate the anion gap:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
Regarding Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Calcium
Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Regarding renal autoregulation, which of the following typically causes vasoconstriction:
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Structure of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The macula densa is located at which of the following sites:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Regarding Na+ handling in the kidney, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Functional Anatomy of the Nephron
The renal corpuscle, consisting of the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus is found where in the kidney:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in ED who has taken an aspirin overdose. Which of the following patterns best describes the following arterial blood ga
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
You are calculating the anion gap on a patient with an acid-base disturbance and you find the anion gap to be low. Which of the following is
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Approximately what percentage of filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The macula densa predominantly detects which of the following:
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Function of the Loop of Henle
In which part of the loop of Henle is Na+ reabsorbed via the Na+/K+/2Cl- symporter:
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Renal Handling of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Structure of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Which of the following does NOT contribute to the glomerular filtration barrier:
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Clinical Effects of Hyperkalaemia
Which of the following is NOT an ECG change typically associated with hyperkalaemia:
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Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has the primary function of which of the following:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause the following blood gas result (on air): pH = 7.34 PaO2 = 9 kPa PaCO2 =
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Renal Handling of Sodium
About what percentage of filtered Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle:
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Renal Handling of Phosphate
Regarding renal phosphate handling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
Regarding reabsorption in the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
You are calculating the anion gap of an unconscious patient with a metabolic acidosis. Which of the following anions are required to calcula
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasodilation of the glomerular capillaries:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Approximately what percentage of filtered potassium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Which of the following is a response to increased sympathetic innervation to the kidney following a fall in extracellular volume:
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Function of the Loop Of Henle
Regarding the loop of Henle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
What pattern of acid-base disturbance is shown by the blood gas results (on normal air) below: pH = 7.37 PaO2 9 kPa PaCO2 = 7.5 k
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Renal Handling Of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Production of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is primarily produced in response to:
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Which of the following hormones acts to inhibit Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron:
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Production of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is primarily produced by which of the following:
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Structure of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Regarding the glomerular filtration barrier, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Hypokalaemia
A 29 year old man presents to the Emergency Department complaining of fatigue and muscle cramps. He is found to be hypokalaemic. A 12-lead E
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Renal Handling of Calcium
Regarding calcium handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Transport Maximum of Glucose
Regarding glucose handling by the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Functional Anatomy of the Nephron
Regarding the nephrons, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Mechanism of Action of Diuretics
Regarding diuretics, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate
The normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy adult is about _______ :
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
What type of breathing pattern is classically seen in metabolic acidosis:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Regarding renal autoregulation, which of the following does NOT cause vasoconstriction:
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Clinical Effects of Hypokalaemia
Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of hypokalaemia:
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Structure of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Regarding the glomerular filtration barrier, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Renal regulation of potassium is primarily controlled by which of the following hormones:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A 35 year old woman who is 9 weeks pregnant presents to ED with severe persistent morning sickness. What acid-base disturbance would you mos
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Function of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Molecules with a molecular weight of less than which of the following are filtered freely at the glomerular filtration barrier:
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Measurement of Renal Plasma Flow
The normal renal plasma flow in a healthy adult is about ________ :
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Function of the Loop of Henle
Which of the following vessels is involved with countercurrent multiplication in the renal medulla:
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Function of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Regarding the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Regarding renal potassium handling, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
Regarding the proximal tubule, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Which of the following hormones' primary action is to enhance Na+ reabsorption in the distal nephron:
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Function of Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II acts to cause all but which one of the following effects:
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Function of the Distal Collecting System
Regarding the distal nephron, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of the Filtration Fraction
The normal glomerular filtration fraction in a healthy adult is about ______ %:
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Renal Handling of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
About what percentage of filtered water is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:
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Function of the Proximal Tubule
The proximal tubule is the primary site of reabsorption in the nephron for which of the following:
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Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
Regarding acid-base regulation in the kidneys, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Hypokalaemia
Which of the following is NOT an ECG change typically associated with hypokalaemia:
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Interpretation of Base Excess
A high (positive) base excess is typically seen in which of the following:
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Clinical Effects of Hyperkalaemia
A patient is sent into ED by his GP with an abnormal blood test result. His ECG performed at triage is shown below. What is the likely abnor
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Which of the following hormones regulates Na+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule:
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Function of the Loop Of Henle
Regarding the loop of Henle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
In the glomerulus, if the diameter of the efferent arteriole is decreased relative to the diameter of the afferent arteriole:
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