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Date Completed: 25/11/2021
Page 1 of 18
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Anatomical Course of the Subclavian Vein
Regarding the subclavian vein, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland:
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Surface Anatomy of the Heart Valves
Which of the following best describes the surface marking of the aortic valve:
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Benzodiazepines: Comparison of Drugs
Regarding benzodiazepines, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Pancreatic ductal alkaline fluid secretion is mainly stimulated by which of the following hormones:
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Pathophysiology of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
What is the pathophysiology of Addison's disease:
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Clinical Effects of Glossopharyngeal Nerve Lesion
Which of the following clinical features would you most expect to see in a glossopharyngeal nerve palsy:
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Attachments of the Flexor Retinaculum
A 29 year old woman is brought to the ED after concerns were raised for her welfare by a neighbour. She has a deep laceration to the anterio
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Fusidic Acid: Indications
Fusidic acid is primarily indicated for which of the following infections:
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Dermatomal Supply of the Lower Limb
You have been asked to teach a group of medical students about neurological examination of the lower limbs. The L3 dermatome is best tested
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Structure of the Glomerular Filtration Barrier
Regarding the glomerular filtration barrier, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Structure of the Gut Wall
Regarding basic gastrointestinal anatomy, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Anatomical Relations of the Common Bile Duct
A 65 year old man presents to ED complaining of abdominal pain, jaundice and weight loss. Imaging shows a tumour of the head of the pancreas
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Carbon Dioxide Transport in the Blood
Regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Investigation of Meningococcal Meningitis
A patient presents with a fever, headache and neck stiffness. A CSF sample of someone with meningococcal meningitis typically shows:
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Structure of the Tracheobronchial Tree
Regarding the tracheobronchial tree, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Microstructure of the Cardiac Myocyte
Which of the following provides strong mechanical adhesions between adjacent cardiac myocytes:
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis D Infection
Regarding hepatitis D which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Water Absorption in the Small Intestine
Regarding water and electrolyte absorption in the small intestine, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Structure of the Parasympathetic Nervous System
Regarding the parasympathetic nervous system, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Course of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve
A patient complains of headaches and dizziness. Imaging reveals a tumour at the cerebellopontine angle. Which of the following nerves will m
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Anatomical Course of the Ulnar Artery
A 23 year old man presents to the ED after cutting his forearm. On examination there is a deep laceration with an arterial spurt. You suspec
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Diagnosis of Pertussis
A 17 year old boy presents to ED with a 4 week history of a persistent paroxysmal cough. You can hear the characteristic inspiratory whoop a
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Regarding regulation of renal blood flow, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Blood Supply of the Parietal Lobe
The blood supply to the parietal lobe is primarily supplied by which of the following arteries:
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Characteristics of Herpes Simplex
Regarding herpes simplex, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Action Potential of the Ventricular Myocyte
In the ventricular myocyte action potential, the plateau phase of the action potential occurs due to a:
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Boundaries of the Femoral Triangle
You have been asked to perform an arterial blood gas collection from a patient's femoral artery. The femoral triangle is bordered medially b
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Anatomical Relations of the Colon
Which of the following is NOT an anterior relation of the transverse colon:
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Function of the Cerebral Aqueduct
Which of the following best describes the function of the cerebral aqueduct:
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Production and Function of Saliva
Regarding control of saliva secretion, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Musculocutaneous Nerve
Your consultant asks you to examine a patient he has seen. He suspects he may have a traumatic musculocutaneous nerve injury. The musculocut
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Dermatomal Supply of the Lower Limb
The L5 dermatome is best tested at which of the following landmarks:
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Lesions of the Visual Pathway
Which of the following is most likely to cause a homonymous hemianopia:
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Lobes of the Liver
The quadrate and caudate lobes of the liver are separated by which of the following structures:
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Loop Diuretics: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a typical electrolyte disturbance caused by furosemide:
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Clinical Features of Hyperthyroidism
A 45 year old woman complains of weight loss, palpitations and heat intolerance. On examination you note tachycardia, finger clubbing and ey
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Clinical Features of Malaria
A 35 year old Nigerian woman presents to ED with a high fever and rigors. She has recently returned from a trip to visit family in her home
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Infectious Disease caused by Salmonella Enterica
Salmonella enterica is typically implicated in which of the following infectious diseases:
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Clinical Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesion
Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of the frontal lobe:
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Action Potential of the Ventricular Myocyte
In the ventricular myocyte action potential, depolarisation occurs through the opening of:
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Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Which of the following is typically used as the threshold for diagnosing diabetes mellitus in a symptomatic patient:
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Statins: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with statin therapy:
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Prevention of Hospital Acquired Infection
Regarding control of hospital acquired infection (HAI), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Erythromycin: Side Effects
Which of the following side effects is most likely attributed to erythromycin:
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Recruitment of Motor Units
Regarding skeletal muscle contraction, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Antipsychotics: Side Effects
Extrapyramidal side effects occur in patients taking antipsychotic drugs because they:
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Palpation of the Radial Artery
You are demonstrating a vascular examination on a patient to a group of medical students. Where is the radial artery pulsation best palpated
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Control of Exocrine Pancreas Secretion
Which of the following hormones inhibits pancreatic exocrine secretions:
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Glucagon: Indications
Glucagon may be used as an antidote for overdose with which of the following:
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Lesions of the Visual Pathway
What type of visual field defect are you most likely to see in a lesion of the optic nerve:
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis A Infection
Regarding hepatitis A, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Boundaries of the Inguinal Canal
The roof of the inguinal canal is formed primarily by which of the following structures:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
You review a patient in the Emergency Department who is complaining of feeling dizzy and breathless. Which of the following patterns best de
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Components of Normal Bacterial Flora
Which of the following is NOT typically present in intestinal flora:
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Clinical Features of Gas Gangrene
Regarding gas gangrene, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the intrinsic pathway is primarily activated by which of the following:
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Types of Vaccines
Which of the following is NOT an example of a vaccine produced from polysaccharide extracts:
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Calculation of Interquartile Range
What is the interquartile range of the following data set: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70
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Function of the Pituitary Gland
A 15 year old is brought into ED with persistent diarrhoea and vomiting. She is severely dehydrated. Which of the following hormones is rele
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Innervation of the Pectineus Muscle
Imaging of a patient who has been involved in a car accident has shown damage to the nerve supplying the pectineus muscle. Which of the foll
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Ligaments of the Hip Joint
A 76 year old woman present to the ED after feeling in a "pop" in her right hip. She recently underwent a right total hip replacement, you s
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Functional Anatomy of the Large Intestine
Which of the following structures form the pouch-like folds called haustra in the large intestine:
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Definition of Sensitivity
Which of the following best describes the sensitivity of a diagnostic test:
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Innervation of the Masseter Muscle
The masseter muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Ligaments of the Radioulnar Joints
You have been asked to review a patient with a Monteggia fracture. The proximal radioulnar joint is primarily supported by which of the foll
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Structure of the Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic preganglionic neurones originate in which of the following locations:
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Clinical Effects of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
A patient presents to ED complaining of pins and needles over the lateral three and a half digits. You suspect carpal tunnel syndrome. Which
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Proton Pump Inhibitors: Pharmacology
Regarding proton pump inhibitors, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Anatomical Barriers to Infection
Which of the following is NOT an anatomical barrier to infection:
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Clinical Effects of Hypoglossal Nerve Lesion
You are teaching a group of medical students about cranial nerve examination. A colleague asks a patient with interesting clinical signs if
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Definition of Type II Error
If the null hypothesis is wrongly accepted when it is actually false, this is an example of:
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Blood Supply of the Colon
A 35 year old male is brought to ED with a knife wound. Imaging shows damage to the superior mesenteric artery. Which of the following struc
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Colchicine: Contraindications
Your patient has acute gout and you wish to prescribe colchicine. Which of the following is a contraindication to colchicine therapy:
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Clinical Effects of Trochlear Nerve Lesion
A 55 year old woman presents to ED complaining of vertical diplopia with difficulty walking downstairs. She is tilting her head to one side
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Clinical Effects of Ulnar Nerve Injury
A patient presents to ED having fallen on her left arm at a roller disco party. She has fractured the medial epicondyle of the humerus and d
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Definition of Negative Predictive Value
Which of the following terms describes the proportion of individuals with a negative test result who actually do not have a disease:
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Adenosine: Contraindications
A patient presents to ED with palpitations and shortness of breath. ECG shows a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). You are considering the
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JVP Waveforms during the Cardiac Cycle
Which of the following JVP waveforms corresponds with atrial relaxation:
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Production of Insulin
Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas produce which of the following hormones:
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Quinolones: Mechanism of Action
A 75 year old man presents to the Emergency Department with a 3 day history of scrotal pain and swelling. You suspect epididymo-orchitis, li
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Ligaments of the Ankle Joint
A 25 year old female presents with a swollen right ankle after twisting her ankle whilst wearing high heels on a night out. There is pain an
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Function of Lung Receptors
A 87 year old is brought to ED with severe shortness of breath caused by acute decompensated heart failure with pulmonary congestion. Which
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Calculation of the Anion Gap
Which of the following cations are required to calculate the anion gap:
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Mechanism of Vitamin B12 Absorption
Which of the following is required for vitamin B12 absorption:
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Pharmacological Management of Acute Asthma
Regarding the management of acute asthma in adults, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Heart Sounds during the Cardiac Cycle
What does the first heart sound correspond to on the ECG waveform:
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Surface Anatomy of the Appendix
McBurney's point, the surface projection of the base of the appendix is located at which of the following sites:
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Movements of the Shoulder Joint
A 28 year old man involved in a road traffic collision, is unable to abduct his arm at the glenohumeral joint. Which of the following nerves
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Surface Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
In adults, the conus medullaris of the spinal cord lies at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Infectious Disease caused by Clostridium Botulinum
A patient presents with a progressive symmetric descending flaccid paralysis following a 2 day history of diarrhoea and vomiting. He initial
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Production of Antidiuretic Hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is synthesised by which of the following:
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Management of Tuberculosis
A patient on treatment for tuberculosis infection presents to ED. Which of the following drugs is NOT used in the standard 2 month initial t
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Clinical Features of Graves' Disease
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of Graves' disease:
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Clinical Features of Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes insipidus is characterised by which of the following:
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Pharmacological Management of Hypokalaemia
Regarding potassium replacement, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Inspiratory capacity (IC) is calculated using which of the following:
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Auscultation Position of the Heart Valves
The tricuspid valve is best auscultated at which of the following sites:
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Renal Handling Of Urea
Regarding renal handling of urea, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Hartmann's Solution: Side Effects
Hartmann's solution may be preferred to sodium chloride 0.9% as it may reduce the risk of:
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Attachments of the Interosseous Muscles
A 34 year old tree surgeon suffers a crush injury to the entire little finger. Which of the following would you least expect to be affected
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Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
Secretion of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells is inhibited by all of the following hormones EXCEPT for:
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Function of Gastric Acid
Gastric hydrochloric acid performs all of the following functions EXCEPT for:
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Microstructure of the Cardiac Myocyte
Cardiac myocytes are connected to each other by which of the following:
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Clinical Effects of Common Fibular Nerve Injury
A 21 year old man presents to ED complaining of numbness over the dorsum of his left foot and inability to dorsiflex or evert his foot. He h
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Stages of Cellular Respiration
Regarding anaerobic respiration, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Penicillins: Mechanism of Action
Which of the following penicillins is resistant to bacterial beta-lactamases:
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Function of Alveolar Pneumocytes
You are treating a patient with known heart failure who presented with dyspnoea and hypoxia due to pulmonary congestion. The hypoxia is like
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Openings of the Diaphragm
You are teaching a group of medical students about the diaphragm. The aortic opening in the diaphragm is found at which thoracic level:
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Immune Response
Regarding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Supply of the Femoral Artery
A 32 year old man presents to the ED after falling through a glass door. He has sustained a deep laceration to the thigh. Imaging shows a so
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Cords of the Brachial Plexus
A 74 year old lady slipped on a pavement and as she fell managed to grab hold off a tree branch hanging overhead before falling to the floor
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Obstructive vs Restrictive Lung Disease
A patient with known lung fibrosis presents to ED with worsening breathlessness. You are reviewing her most recent lung function tests. Whic
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Mechanism of Postural Hypotension
What is the initial physiological effect resulting in postural hypotension:
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Surface Anatomy of the Lung
A 28 year old man is brought to ED with a penetrating chest wall injury in the area of the fourth costal cartilage. Which of the following p
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect renal handling of phosphate:
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Management of Pheochromocytoma
Which of the following drug classes is used first line in the management of hypertensive episodes in pheochromocytoma:
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Mechanism of the Baroreceptor Reflex
Regarding the baroreceptor reflex, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Mesenteries of the Peritoneal Cavity
The mesentery connects which of the following structures to the posterior abdominal wall:
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Dopamine: Mechanism of Action
What is the main mechanism of action of dopamine as an inotropic sympathomimetic:
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Exclusion Period for Measles
A 5 year old presents to ED with a rash associated with Koplik's spots. Measles is diagnosed. What should the parents be advised about retur
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
A 72 year old man is brought to the ED by his daughter. He is complaining of a numbness in his right arm. On examination you note he has los
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Anatomy of the Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Regarding the glossopharyngeal nerve, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Ligaments of the Vertebral Column
A 20 year old factory worker sustains a crush injury to her vertebral column whilst at work. Imaging shows swelling of the spinal cord. Wh
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Muscle Relaxants: Pharmacology
Regarding muscle relaxant drugs, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Calculation of Relative Risk
A randomised controlled trial (RCT) is carried out to study the effects of a new anticoagulant, Anticlot, on stroke incidence in patients w
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Movements of the Foot Joints
Which of the following nerves is most important for eversion of the foot:
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Nerves of the Lumbar Plexus
The iliohypogastric nerve supplies skin over which of the following regions:
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Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Regarding chronic myeloid leukaemia, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Investigation of Tuberculosis
A man presents to ED with a persistent productive cough. The results of a recent sputum sample sent by his GP are available on the computer
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Function of the Endothelium
Regarding endothelium derived nitric oxide, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Lower Limb
The skin over the webspace between the 1st and 2nd toe is supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Innervation of the Diaphragm
The motor supply of the diaphragm is from which of the following nerves:
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Function of the Thyroid Hormones
Which of the following is NOT a physiological effect of thyroid hormones:
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Definition of Specificity
Which of the following terms describes the proportion of patients without a disease who are correctly identified by a test as not having the
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Mechanism of Vitamin B12 Absorption
Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in which part of the gastrointestinal tract:
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Structure of the Femoral Sheath
A 45 year old woman presents to the ED with a painful swelling in her right groin. She is known to use intravenous drugs and last injected a
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Factors affecting the Starling Curve
If the ejection fraction increases, there will be a decrease in:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Face
The area of skin over the anterior temple above the zygomatic arch is primarily supplied by which of the following nerves:
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Clinical Effects of Tibial Nerve Injury
A 34 year old farmer has sustained a deep laceration to the popliteal fossa and damaged the nerve which lies more medially. Which of the fol
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Clinical Effects of Deep Fibular Nerve Injury
Which of the following would you NOT expect from a deep fibular nerve palsy:
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Clinical Features of Pertussis
Regarding whooping cough, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Colon
Visceral afferent fibres from the descending and sigmoid colon travel to which of the following spinal cord segments:
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Ligaments of the Pelvis
The sacrotuberous ligament spans between which of the following structures:
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Function of the Ulnar Nerve
A 28 year old man presents to ED having falling off his bike. Imaging shows fracture of the medial epicondyle and ulnar nerve injury. Which
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Tetracyclines: Pharmacology
Regarding tetracycline antibiotics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Measurement of Renal Clearance
Glomerular filtration rate can be calculated using any substance that:
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
A 82 year old woman is brought to the ED by her son. She complains of numbness in her fingers, her son was concerned this may have been a st
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Regarding renal potassium handling, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Function of the Small Intestine
A patient with a known duodenal ulcer presents with worsening abdominal pain. You are considering the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer diseas
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