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Date Completed: 25/11/2021
Page 1 of 18
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Regulation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
In the glomerulus, if the diameter of the afferent arteriole is reduced relative to the diameter of the efferent arteriole:
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Articulations of the Tarsal Bones
The cuneiform bones articulate with which of the following bones:
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Structure of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The macula densa is located at which of the following sites:
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Warfarin: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect associated with warfarin therapy:
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Characteristics of Herpes Simplex
Regarding herpes simplex, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Aspirin: Mechanism of Action
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of aspirin:
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Blood Supply of the Stomach
The stomach receives its blood supply primarily from which of the following arteries:
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Chronic Inflammation
The site of chronic inflammation is dominated by all of the following cell types EXCEPT for:
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Anatomy of the Thyroid Gland
Regarding the thyroid gland, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Fibularis Tertius Muscle
The fibularis tertius muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Mechanism of Carbohydrate Digestion
Regarding carbohydrate, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Control of Gastric Emptying
Regarding gastric motility and emptying, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
A 46 year old woman complains of feeling lethargic and dizzy on standing. On examination you note darkening of her lips and gums. Blood test
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Factors affecting Membrane Diffusion
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT. Fick's law tells us that the rate of diffusion of a gas across a membrane increases as:
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Function of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
The macula densa predominantly detects which of the following:
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Innervation of the Infraspinatus Muscle
You have been asked to review a 65 year old woman who presents with a 2 week history of pain and weakness of the left shoulder. On examinati
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Production of Gastrin
Gastrin release from antral G-cells is stimulated by all but which one of the following:
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Haemoglobin
Normal adult haemoglobin (HbA) makes up about how much of the total haemoglobin in adults:
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Characteristics of Streptococcus Spp.
Regarding Streptococci species, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Laminar vs Turbulent Blood Flow
Regarding flow through the cardiovascular system, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Blood Supply of the Heart
Which of the following best describes the territory of supply of the anterior interventricular artery:
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Mechanism of Excitation-Contraction Coupling
An action potential in the motor end plate rapidly spreads to the central portions of the muscle cells by means of the:
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Conducting System of the Heart
The physiological function of the slowed conduction through the atrioventricular node is to allow sufficient time for which of the following
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Pharmacological Management of Anaphylaxis
A 14 year old patient, with a history of asthma and atopy, is given penicillin in hospital. He immediately develops an itchy rash, angioedem
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Mechanism of the Baroreceptor Reflex
When a person changes from a supine to an upright position, which of the following compensatory mechanisms occurs:
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Measurement of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following can NOT be measured from the trace produced when a subject breathes in and out of a simple spirometer:
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A patient sustains an injury to the radial nerve through a midshaft humeral fracture. Which of the following clinical findings would you LEA
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Coagulation Cascade
Regarding the coagulation cascade, the extrinsic pathway is primarily activated by which of the following:
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Ligaments of the Knee Joint
A 23 year old professional footballer is brought to hospital after injuring his left leg in a tackle, where lateral force was applied to his
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Boundaries of the Anatomical Snuffbox
A 67 year old woman presents to the ED after falling onto an outstretched hand. You x-ray her left wrist and note no fracture. You discuss
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Changes in Alveolar Pressure
Regarding pressures and airflow during the normal breathing cycle, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Deep Fibular Nerve Injury
A 28 year old man presents to hospital having injured his leg playing football. X-ray demonstrates fractures of both the tibia and fibula. T
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Clinical Effects of Median Nerve Injury
A 29 year old male presents to ED having falling awkwardly during a judo match. On examination he is unable to flex his index and middle fin
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Clinical Features of Hepatitis A Infection
Regarding hepatitis A, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Inhaled Antimuscarinics: Side Effects
Which of the following is a common side effect of ipratropium bromide:
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Movements of the Foot Joints
Which of the following nerves is most important for eversion of the foot:
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Interpretation of Forest Plots
Regarding forest plots in meta-analysis, the size of each square represents:
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Innervation of the Stylopharyngeus Muscle
The stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Pharmacological Management of DKA
Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Origin of the Vertebral Artery
The vertebral artery is a branch of which of the following blood vessels:
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Boundaries of the Inguinal Canal
The roof of the inguinal canal is formed primarily by which of the following structures:
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Submandibular Lymph Nodes
Submandibular lymph nodes drain lymph from all of the following regions EXCEPT for:
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Clinical Features of Roundworm Infection
Regarding Ascaris lumbricoides, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Innervation of the Pharynx
The sensory innervation of the oropharynx is provided by which of the following nerves:
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Movements of the Hip Joint
You are examining the lower limbs of a 54 year old man who presented after falling from a ladder at home. During your neurological assessmen
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Measurement of Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Regarding peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), which of the following is CORRECT:
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Ligaments of the Radioulnar Joints
You have been asked to review a patient with a Monteggia fracture. The proximal radioulnar joint is primarily supported by which of the foll
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Management of Tachyarrhythmias
Which of the following drugs is first line treatment for a stable regular broad-complex tachycardia:
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Clinical Effects of Tibial Nerve Injury
A 54 year old woman presents to ED complaining of pain and swelling behind her knee, and difficulty walking. Imaging shows a large cyst in t
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Renal Handling of Sodium
Regarding Na+ handling in the kidney, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Effects of Musculocutaneous Nerve Injury
A 54 year old man is admitted to the ED having been involved in a road traffic collision. He has sustained multiple fractures of the humerus
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Clinical Features of Threadworm Infection
Regarding threadworms, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Compartments of the Peritoneal Cavity
The greater sac of the peritoneal cavity is divided into two compartments by which of the following structures:
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Pharmacological Management of DKA
Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), if the systolic BP is initially < 90 mmHg, which of the following should be give
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Clinical Features of Graves' Disease
Which of the following clinical features is NOT typical of Graves' disease:
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Blood Supply of the Parietal Lobe
The blood supply to the parietal lobe is primarily supplied by which of the following arteries:
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Control of Gastric Acid Secretion
Secretion of hydrochloric acid from parietal cells is inhibited by all of the following hormones EXCEPT for:
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Function of the Large Intestine
Regarding the large intestine, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Clinical Features of Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Herpes simplex encephalitis has a predilection for which of the following sites:
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Interpretation of Forest Plots
Regarding forest plots in meta-analysis, the horizontal lines extending from each square represent:
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Clinical Features of Osteomalacia
Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of osteomalacia:
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Innervation of the Posterior Forearm Muscles
You are performing a neurological examination on a patient who complains of weakness of the left arm. You note muscle wasting in the poster
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Microstructure of the Cardiac Myocyte
Cardiac myocytes are connected to each other by which of the following:
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Flumazenil: Indications
Flumazenil is a reversal agent for which of the following groups of drugs:
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Human Normal Immunoglobulin: Indications
Human normal immunoglobulin is used to provide passive immunity against measles. Which of the following is NOT an indication:
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Articulations of the Tarsal Bones
The cuboid bone articulates with all of the following tarsal bones EXCEPT for the:
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Muscles of the Thenar Eminence
You have been asked to review a 32 year old pastry chef. She sustained a laceration to her left thenar eminence whilst working. Which of th
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Function of the Posterior Leg Muscles
The muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg collectively act together to primarily produce which of the following movements:
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Interpretation of Forest Plots
Regarding forest plots in meta-analysis, the midpoint of the diamond represents:
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Implantation Sites of Ectopic Pregnancy
A 21 year old female presents to ED complaining of acute severe pelvic pain. She reports she has not had a period for 6 weeks which is not n
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Cutaneous Innervation of the Upper Limb
A 72 year old man is brought to the ED by his daughter. He is complaining of a numbness in his right arm. On examination you note he has los
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Microbial Mechanisms of Attachment
A patient presents with a gastrointestinal infection. Which of the following microbes attaches to gut mucosa via a specialised sucking disc:
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Characteristics of the Cutaneous Circulation
Regarding the cutaneous circulation, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Causes of Hospital Acquired Infection
Which of the following is the most frequent source of healthcare associated bacteraemia:
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Attachments of the Anterior Scalene Muscle
The anterior scalene muscle inserts onto which of the following structures:
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Definition of Sensitivity
Which of the following terms describes the proportion of patients with a disease who are correctly identified by a test as having the diseas
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Autoregulation of Renal Blood Flow
Which of the following does NOT act to cause vasodilation of the glomerular capillaries:
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Attachments of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle
The fibularis brevis muscle attaches distally to which of the following structures:
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Causative Agents of Septic Arthritis
A 29 year old patient presents with a fever and a red, hot, swollen, painful knee. A knee aspirate is performed which shows clusters of Gram
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Antispasmodic Drugs: Indications
Antispasmodic drugs are primarily indicated in which of the following conditions:
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Attachments of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle
The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts onto which of the following structures:
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Action Potential of the Sinoatrial Node
What is the resting membrane potential of the sinoatrial node:
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Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
Regarding chronic myeloid leukaemia, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Innervation of the Oral Cavity
Regarding the nerve supply of the oral cavity, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Corticosteroids: Side Effects
Which of the following is NOT a glucocorticoid effect of corticosteroids:
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Structure of the Sarcomere
Regarding skeletal muscle, which of the following best describes the Z-line:
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Human Normal Immunoglobulin: Indications
Human normal immunoglobulin are used primarily to confer protection against which of the following infectious diseases:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following best describes the expiratory reserve volume (ERV):
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Surface Anatomy of the Lung Root
The hila of the lungs are located at which of the following vertebral levels:
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Characteristics of Salmonella Spp.
Regarding Salmonella species which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Co-amoxiclav: Pharmacology
Regarding co-amoxiclav, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Definition of Lung Volumes and Capacities
Which of the following describes the volume of air that can be inspired at the end of a resting inspiration:
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Pharmacological Management of Status Epilepticus
Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus:
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A 19 year old student fell asleep after a night of drinking with his arm hanging over the back of a chair. He presents to ED complaining of
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Function of the Musculocutaneous Nerve
An 18 year old man presents to the ED following a street robbery. He has received a single stab wound to the right axilla. On examination of
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Clinical Effects of Radial Nerve Injury
A 71 year old lady attends ED complaining of pain in her arm following a fall. Imaging demonstrates a midshaft humerus fracture. An injury o
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Clinical Effects of Brachial Plexus Injury
A 28 year old patient presents to ED having been involved in a road traffic accident where he was thrown off his motorbike. After excluding
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Function of the Medial Pterygoid Muscle
The medial pterygoid primarily acts to produce which of the following movements:
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Mechanism of Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling
Regarding cardiac excitation-contraction coupling, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Orbital Floor Fracture with Inferior Rectus Entrapment
A 28 year old man presents to ED with pain and blurred vision after being hit in the eye with a fast-moving ball while playing squash. On fu
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Calculation of Mean
What is the mean of the following data set: 13, 18, 13, 14, 13, 16, 14, 21, 13
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Renal Handling of Potassium
Renal regulation of potassium is primarily controlled by which of the following hormones:
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Surface Anatomy of the Rectum
The rectum starts at the rectosigmoid junction at which vertebral level:
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Sodium Nitroprusside: Indications
Sodium nitroprusside is used therapeutically for which of the following effects:
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Function of the Obturator Nerve
A 43 year old window cleaner is brought to the ED after falling from a 5 metre platform. Imaging has shown multiple vertebral fractures and
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Innervation of the Peritoneum
Irritation of the central part of the diaphragmatic peritoneum is typically referred to:
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Function of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone
Which of the following stimulates thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release from the anterior pituitary:
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Von Willebrand Disease
Which of the following laboratory findings is NOT typical of von Willebrand disease (VWD):
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Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release from the posterior pituitary is directly stimulated by which of the following:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of an increased anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Antihistamines: Indications
Which of the following is NOT an indication for a H1 receptor antihistamine:
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Causative Agents of Gas Gangrene
A diabetic 78 year old man develops a necrotic ulcer on his right foot. Infection spreads rapidly and there is gas in soft tissues. His foot
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Compartments of the Peritoneal Cavity
A 49 year old known alcoholic presents to ED complaining of acute severe epigastric pain. X-ray shows pneumoperitoneum and further imaging d
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Structure of the Peripheral Vascular System
Regarding blood vessels, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Opioids: Reversal Agent
Which of the following is an opioid receptor antagonist that can be used in opioid overdose:
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Lesions of the Visual Pathway
A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion of the temporal lobe. What type of visual field defect would
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Innervation of the Anal Canal
The external anal sphincter is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Disturbance of Acid-Base Balance
A 35 year old woman who is 9 weeks pregnant presents to ED with severe persistent morning sickness. What acid-base disturbance would you mos
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Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
Regarding the nasal cavities, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Etomidate: Side Effects
Which of the following side effects has limited the use of etomidate as an intravenous induction agent:
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Heparin: Comparison of Drugs
Which of the following is a benefit of unfractionated heparin over low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) therapy:
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Function of Gastric Acid
Gastric hydrochloric acid performs all of the following functions EXCEPT for:
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Regulation of Antidiuretic Hormone
Which of the following acts to inhibit antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release from the posterior pituitary:
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Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
You are teaching a group of medical students about cardiovascular examination. You are discussing heart sounds and the cardiac cycle. Which
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Function of Parathyroid Hormone
What is the net effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the gastrointestinal system through both its direct and indirect actions:
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Beta-2 Agonists: Pharmacology
Regarding selective beta-2 agonists, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Increased vs Normal Anion Gap
Which of the following is typically a cause of a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis:
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Origin of the Obturator Nerve
A 43 year old window cleaner is brought to the ED after falling from a 5 metre platform. Imaging has shown multiple vertebral fractures and
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Oral Rehydration Solutions: Pharmacology
Regarding oral rehydration therapy, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Layers Penetrated During Lumbar Puncture
A 18 year old female is brought to ED with a fever, headache and neck stiffness. Meningitis is suspected, and your consultant asks you to pe
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Contents of the Optic Canal
A 29 year old woman presents to ED with a head injury following a climbing accident. Imaging shows that she has fractured the optic canal.
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Causative Agents of Neonatal Meningitis
A one week old infant is brought to ED unwell. She is pyrexic, floppy and unresponsive with a bulging fontanelle. Empirical antibiotics are
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Function of Alveolar Pneumocytes
You are treating a patient with known heart failure who presented with dyspnoea and hypoxia due to pulmonary congestion. The hypoxia is like
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Digital Attachments of the Posterior Forearm Muscles
Regarding the distal attachments of the posterior forearm muscle tendons, which of the following is paired CORRECTLY:
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Microbial Mechanisms of Attachment
An elderly patient presents to ED with fever, cough, coryza, and systemic features of malaise and myalgia. Your consultant suspects influenz
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Generation of an Action Potential
Regarding the refractory period, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
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Infectious Diseases caused by Herpesviruses
Which of the following infectious diseases is NOT caused by a herpesvirus:
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Innervation of the Fibularis Brevis Muscle
The fibularis brevis muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves:
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Risk Factors for Legionnaires' Disease
A patient presents to ED unwell with a high fever, breathlessness and a cough. Chest x-ray demonstrates a left lower lobe pneumonia. His CUR
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Assessment of the Rotator Cuff Muscles
A 75 year old woman presents with pain and stiffness in her left shoulder joint. You are teaching a medical student how to perform a full sh
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Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
Regarding the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), which of the following statements is CORRECT:
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Pulmonary Host Defence Mechanisms
Which of the following types of cell is most important in the clearance of particles in the airways:
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